Research Article
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Gendered Aspects of Policies to Fight the COVID-19 Outbreak

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 22, 42 - 64, 15.10.2023

Vezir Aktaş Marco Nılsson Yeliz Kındap Tepe

https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1246910

Abstract

Countries have taken different measures to limit the spread of COVID-19. However, it is unclear how such measures affect the daily lives of people in different cultural contexts. Using a qualitative research method and the framework of gender roles, this study analyzes the potential effects of the Turkish government’s policies to fight the COVID-19 pandemic on married men and women in Turkey. The respondents answered the open-ended questions developed by the researchers on the Google platform. 20 men (aged 27-54) and 20 women (aged 22-55) participated in the study. The respondents’ experiences were grouped into three themes: gender-related problems; adaptation and new habits/hobbies; and balancing between positive and negative effects. While men stressed the economic effects, women focused on social relations or deeper values of life. The findings were discussed within the framework of Gender Schema Theory and Social Role Theory.

Keywords

Turkey government policy/measures Covid-19 pandemic curfews lockdowns gendered differences

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Thanks

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References

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COVID-19 Salgınıyla Mücadele Politikalarının Toplumsal Cinsiyete Dayalı Yönleri

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 22, 42 - 64, 15.10.2023

Vezir Aktaş Marco Nılsson Yeliz Kındap Tepe

https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1246910

Abstract

COVID-19 yayılmasını sınırlamak ve etkisini azaltmak amacıyla ülkelerin aldığı önlemler birbirinden farklılaşmıştır. Ancak, farklı kültürel bağlamlardaki insanların günlük yaşamlarının bu tür önlemlerden nasıl etkilendiği merak konusudur. Nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak hükümetin COVID-19 salgınıyla mücadele politikalarının Türkiye’deki evli bireyler üzerindeki potansiyel etkileri toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen açık uçlu sorular Google platformunda uygulanmıştır. Araştırmaya 20 erkek (yaş ranj: 27-54) ve 20 kadın (yaş ranj: 22-55) katılmıştır. Katılımcıların deneyimleri dört ana tema ve birkaç alt tema altında gruplandırılmıştır. Erkekler konunun ekonomik yönü açısından değerlendirmeler yaparken, kadınlar sosyal ilişkiler ya da hayatın daha derin değerleri açısından değerlendirmelerde bulunmuşlardır. Bulgular Toplumsal Cinsiyet Şema Kuramına ve Sosyal Rol Kuramı çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Türkiye hükümet politikası/önlemleri COVID-19 salgını sokağa çıkma yasakları karantinalar

Project Number

-

References

  • Airhihenbuwa, C. O., Iwelunmor, J., Munodawafa, D., Ford, C. L., Oni, T., Agyemang, C., … Okosun, I. (2020). Culture matters in communicating the global response to COVID-19. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17, E60. https://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200245.
  • Akdeniz, D. & Seymen, O. A. (2012). Diagnosing national and organizational culture differences: A research in hotel enterprises. Nevsehir University Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 198-217.
  • Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8(4), 291-322. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291.
  • Asmundson, G. J. G. & Taylor, S. (2020). Coronaphobia: fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 70, Atricle 102196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196.
  • Bem, S. L. (1983). Gender schema theory and its implications for child development: Raising gender-aschematic children in a gender-schematic society. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 8, 598-616.
  • Benson, M. L. & Fox, G. L. (2004). When violence hits home: How economics and neighborhood play a role. NIJ Research in Brief. NCJ 205004, Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/205004.pdf.
  • Bespinar, F. U. (2014). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve aile. Turğut, M. ve Feyzioğlu, S. (Eds). In Türkiye Aile Yapısı Araştırması: Tespitler, Öneriler (pp. 232-279). İstanbul: Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı.
  • Birns, B., Cascardi, M., & Meyer, S. L. (1994). Sex-role socialization: Developmental influences on wife abuse. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64(1), 50–59. https://doi:10.1037/h0079491.
  • Bowen, G. (2008). Grounded theory and sensitizing concepts. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5, 12-23.
  • Bryman A. (2018). Samhällsvetenskapliga forskningsmetoder, Lieber.
  • Carter, M. J. (2014). Gender socialization and identity theory. Social Sciences, 3(2), 242-263. https://doi:10.3390/socsci3020242.
  • Chun, C. A., Moos, R. H., & Cronkite, R. C. (2006). Culture: A Fundamental Context for the Stress and Coping Paradigm. In: Wong P .T. P., Wong L. C. J. (Eds), In Handbook of Multicultural Perspectives on Stress and Coping. (pp 29-53). Boston, MA: Springer, International and Cultural Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26238-5_2.
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  • Demirbilek, Y., Pehlivantürk, G., Özgüler, Z. Ö., & Meşe, E. A. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak control, example of ministry of health of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50, 489-494.
  • Eagly, A. H. & Crowley, M. (1986). Gender and helping behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin, 100(3), 283-308. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.283.
  • Eagly, A. H. & Steffen, V. J. (1986). Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin, 100(3), 309-330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.309.
  • Eagly, A. H. & Wood, W. (2012). Social role theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 458–476). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n49.
  • Eagly, A. H. & Wood, W. (2016). Social role theory of sex differences. In N. Naples, R. C. Hoogland, M. Wickramasinghe, & W. C. A. Wong (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies (pp. 1-3). New York: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss183.
  • Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 174-190). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Engin, C. & Pals, H. (2018). Patriarchal attitudes in Turkey 1990–2011: The influence of religion and political conservatism. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 25(3), 383-409. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxx021.
  • Fairhead, J. (2016). Understanding social resistance to the Ebola response in the Forest Region of the Republic of Guinea: An anthropological perspective. African Studies Review, 59(3), 7-31. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.87.
  • Fernandes, N. (2020, March 22). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=3557504.
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  • Gamil, Y. & Alhagar, A. (2020). The impact of pandemic crisis on the survival of construction industry: A case of COVID-19. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 11(4), 122-128. https://doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2020-0047.
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Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 22, 42 - 64, 15.10.2023

Vezir Aktaş Marco Nılsson Yeliz Kındap Tepe

https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1246910

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

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  • Kochanska, G., Barry, R. A., Stellern, S. A., & O'Bleness, J. J. (2009). Early attachment organization moderates the parent–child mutually coercive pathway to children's antisocial conduct. Child Development, 80(4), 1288-1300. https://doi.org/:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01332.x.
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  • McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., & Whiteman, S. D. (2003). The family contexts of gender development in childhood and adolescence. Social Development, 12(1), 125-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00225.
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  • Rana, I. A., Bhatti, S. S., Aslam, A. B., Jamshed, A., Ahmad, J., & Shah, A. A. (2021). COVID-19 risk perception and coping mechanisms: Does gender make a difference? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 55, 102096.
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  • Roesch, E., Amin, A., Gupta, J., & García-Moreno, C. (2020). Violence against women during COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Bmj, 369, 2-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1712.
  • Ruble, D. N. & Martin, C. L. (1997). Gender development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3, Social, emotional and personality development (5th Ed.). New York: Wiley.
  • Salcedo, A., Yar, S., & Cherelus, G. (2020, July 16). Coronavirus travel restrictions, across the globe. The New York Times, Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-travel-restrictions.html.
  • Sansa, N. A. (2020). The impact of COVID -19 on financial markets: evidence from China and USA. Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 29-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3567901.
  • Smith, J. (2019). Overcoming the ‘tyranny of the urgent’: Integrating gender into disease outbreak preparedness and response. Gender & Development, 27(2), 355-369, https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2019.1615288.
  • Southall, H. G., DeYoung, S. E., & Harris, C. A. (2017). Lack of cultural competency in international aid responses: The Ebola outbreak in Liberia. Front Public Health, 5(5), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00005.
  • Strong, P. (1990). Epidemic psychology: A model. Sociology Health and Illness, 12, 249-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep11347150.
  • Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Briggs, R. D., McClowry, S. G., & Snow, D. L. (2009). Maternal control and sensitivity, child gender, and maternal education in relation to children’s behavioral outcomes in African American families. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 321-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.018.
  • Taub, A. (2020, April 6). A new COVID-19 crisis: Domestic abuse rises worldwide. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/world/coronavirus-domestic-violence.html.
  • Think Global Health (2020, July 27). Timeline of the Coronavirus. Retrieved from https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/updated-timeline-coronavirus.
  • Trew, B. (2020, April 19). A wave of domestic violence is breaking across the locked-down Middle East. Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/middle-east-domestic-violence-coronavirus-lockdown-lebanon-refugee-camps-a9472896.html.
  • Victor, G. S. & Ahmed, S. (2019). The importance of culture in managing mental health response to pandemics. In D. Huremović (ed.), Psychiatry of pandemics, (pp. 55-63). Switzerland: Springer. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_5.
  • Wanqing, Z. (2020, Mar 02). Domestic violence cases surge during COVID-19 epidemic. Sixth Tone. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/mar/28/lockdowns-world-rise-domestic-violence.
  • WEF (2020). The Global Gender Gap Report 2020. WEF: Geneva, Switzerland
  • WHO (2020a, July 30). Timeline of WHO’s response to COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-06-2020-covidtimeline.
  • WHO (2020b, May 5). Embracing cultural diversity unlocks key resources for more inclusive health systems. Retrieved from https://www.euro.who.int/en/home/sections/news/2020/05/embracing-cultural-diversity-unlocks-key-resources-for-more-inclusive-health-systems.
  • Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication (2020, March 24). News-How different countries are reacting to the COVID-19 risk and their governments’ responses. University of Cambridge, Retrieved from https://wintoncentre.maths.cam.ac.uk/news/.
  • Wong, C. K. H., Wong, J. Y. H., Tang, E. H. M., Au, C. H., Lau, K. T. K., & Wai, A. K. C. (2020). Impact of National Containment Measures on Decelerating the Increase in Daily New Cases of COVID-19 in 54 Countries and 4 Epicenters of the Pandemic: Comparative Observational Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), e19904. https://doi.org/10.2196/19904.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020a, April 27). Archived: WHO Timeline - COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19.
  • Worldometer (2021, January 13). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic: Coronavirus Cases. Retrieved from https://wfsj-briefing.org/external/worldometers-covid-19-virus-tracker/view/.

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 22, 42 - 64, 15.10.2023

Vezir Aktaş Marco Nılsson Yeliz Kındap Tepe

https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1246910

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

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  • Victor, G. S. & Ahmed, S. (2019). The importance of culture in managing mental health response to pandemics. In D. Huremović (ed.), Psychiatry of pandemics, (pp. 55-63). Switzerland: Springer. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_5.
  • Wanqing, Z. (2020, Mar 02). Domestic violence cases surge during COVID-19 epidemic. Sixth Tone. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/mar/28/lockdowns-world-rise-domestic-violence.
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There are 76 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Change, Underdevelopment and Modernisation Sociology, Women's Studies, Social Change
Journal Section Tüm Sayı
Authors

Vezir Aktaş 0000-0002-8475-1877

Marco Nılsson 0000-0002-1240-4323

Yeliz Kındap Tepe 0000-0003-0963-810X

Project Number -
Publication Date October 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 22

Cite

APA Aktaş, V., Nılsson, M., & Kındap Tepe, Y. (2023). Gendered Aspects of Policies to Fight the COVID-19 Outbreak. HUMANITAS - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(22), 42-64. https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1246910
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