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ARAKAN ROHİNGYA MÜSLÜMANLARININ TARİHİNE GENEL BAKIŞ: GEÇMİŞLERİNİ YOK SAYMA ÇABALARI VE TARİHSEL DIŞLANMALARI

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 316 - 348, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.20486/imad.810265

Abstract

Arakan Güneydoğu Asya ülkelerinden birisi olan Myanmar´ın bir eyaletidir. Eski adı Burma olan Myanmar Budist çoğunluğun yönetimi elinde tuttuğu ve Müslüman azınlıklara haklarını vermemesi ile tanınan bir ülkedir. 14 eyalete sahip olan ülkenin Arakan eyaleti en fazla Müslümanın yaşadığı bölgedir. Bu eyalette yaşayan Müslümanlara Rohingya adı verilmektedir. Arakanlı Rohingya Müslümanlarının maruz kaldığı şiddet olayları günümüzde medyanın da etkisi ile çok daha fazla bilinir olmakla birlikte bu insanların geçmişi ile ilgili hala yeterli bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bu insanların etnik bir soykırıma maruz kaldıkları genel olarak kabul görmekle birlikte Myanmar Budist hükümetinin uygulamalarına son verdirtecek bir yaptırım yoktur. Özellikle Burma´nın bağımsızlığı sonrası Arakanlı Müslümanlar yüzlerce yıldır yaşadıkları topraklarda istenmeyen insanlar ilan edilip öldürülmektedir. Dünyanın gözü önünde hala devam etmekte olan bu soykırıma Müslüman dünyası da dâhil olmak üzere yeterli düzeyde tepki gösterilmemektedir. Bunun en önemli sebebi ise Türkiye dâhil olmak üzere bu insanlar hakkında çok az bilgiye sahip olunmasıdır. Bundan dolayı çalışmanın amacı, günümüz Arakan Müslümanlarının dünyanın unutulmuş bir bölgesinde en fazla haksızlığa uğrayan insan topluluğu olduğunu ortaya koymakla birlikte onların tarihlerini de aydınlatmaya çalışmaktır. Çalışma sonucu elde edilen veriler bu insanların tarihleri boyunca büyük sıkıntılara maruz kaldığını ve özellikle Myanmar´ın bağımsızlığını kazandığı 1948´den günümüze artan oranda bir soykırıma tâbi olduklarına işaret etmektedir.

References

  • Ahmed, A. (2012). The Rohingya: Myanmar’s Outcasts, Al Jazeera English, January 12, 2012.
  • Ahmed, I. (Ed.) (2010). The Plight of the Stateless Rohingyas, Dhaka: The University Press Ltd.
  • Alam, M. A. (1999). A Short Historical Background Of Arakan. Chittagong, Bangladesh: Arakan Historical Society.
  • Ba Shin, C. (1961). “Coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 A. D.”, Lecture before Asian History Congress. New Delhi: Azad Bhavan.
  • Ba Tha, T. (1963). A Short History of Rohingya and Kamans of Burma, Trans. A. F. K. Jilani, Bangladesh: Institute of Arakan Studies.
  • Banarjee, A. C. (1964). The Eastern Frontier of British India, Calcutta, India: Mukherjee.
  • Bayram, M. ve Yaylar, Y. (2014). “Myanmar’daki Din Çatışmasının Swot Analizi”, Stratejik Düşünce Enstitüsü.
  • Bayram, M. ve Yaylar, Y. (2016). “Myanmar’daki Budist-Müslüman Çatışmasının Tarihî Dinamikleri”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 44, Haziran, 367-373
  • Clifford, H. (1904). Further India: Being the Story of Exploration from the Earliest Times in Burma, Malaya, Siam and Indo-China, London: Lawrence and Bullen.
  • Collis, M. S. (1960). “Arakan's Place in the Civilisation of the Bay”, Journal of Burma Research Society 50th Anniversary Publications, No.2, Rangoon.
  • Collis M. (1958). The Land of Great Image: Being Experiences of Friar Manrique in Arakan, New York: New Directions Paperbook.
  • Dadan, A. ve Fuad, A. R. (2018). Arakan’a İslâmiyet’in Girişi ve Yayılışı: Günümüz Arakan’ın Tarihsel Arka Plani”, İstem, Yıl:16, Sayı:32, 177-198
  • Dalar, M. ve Gökcan, Ö. (2018) “Myanmar’ın Rohingya Müslümanları Politikası: Tarihsel Ve Hukuksal Bir Analiz”, Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl: 8, Cilt: 8, Sayı: 15, 33-63.
  • Desai, W. S. (1961). A Pageant of Burmese History, Calcutta: Orient Longmans.
  • Driss, B. (2016). “Rohingya Minority in Myanmar between the Religious Persecution and the Reality of Constitutional Protection”,Brawijaya Law Journal, 3(2), 221-240.
  • FAO (2018). Briefing Note, FAO’s Response to the Rohingya Refugee Crisis in Bangladesh.
  • Forster, R. (2011). “Magh Marauders, Portuguese Pirates, White Elephants and Persian Poets: Arakan and its Bay of Bengal Connectivities in the Early ModernEra”, Explorations, 11(18), 63-70.
  • Ghosh, Jamini Mohan (1960). Maghs Raider in Bengal, Calcutta: Bookland Private Ltd.
  • Guardian (1960, 1961). In Defence of Maungdaw Muslims, 14 Ocak 1961. 27 Ocak 1960.
  • International Crisis Group (2016). “Myanmar: A New Muslim Insurgency in Rakhine State”, Brussels: December 15, 2016.
  • Irwin, A. (1945). Burmese Outpost, London: Collins.
  • Islamic Human Rights Commission (2005). Myanmar’s Muslims: The Oppressed of the Oppressed, London.
  • Jamiat-al-Ulama (1960). Memorandum for the Arakan Enquiry Commission, North Arakan, General Secretary. Rangoon.
  • Hall, D. G. E. (1958). History of South-East Asia,London: Macmillan.
  • Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824, the Beginning of the English Conquest, London: Longman´s.
  • Human Rights Council (2018). Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar, Human Rights Situations, Thirty-ninth session, 10-28 September 2018, Agenda item 4, 1-21.
  • HRW, Human Rights Watch (2013). All You Can Do is Pray. Crimes against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma’s Arakan State.
  • Khan, M. S. (1936). “Muslim Intercourse with Burma. Islamic Culture”, Hyderabad, Deccan, X, 416-419.
  • Khan, M. S. (1966). “The Tragedy of Mrauk-U (1660-1661)”, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan, Vol. XI, No.2, August.
  • Leitich, K. A. (2014). Decoding the Past: The Rohingya Origin Enigma. Paper Presented at the Third Annual Southeast Asian Studies Symposium Keble College, University of Oxford, 22-23 April, 2014.
  • Majumdar, R. C. (1944). Hindu Colonies in the Far East, Calcutta: General Printers and Publishers.
  • Majumdar, R. C. (1960). The Delhi Sultanate, Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
  • Manrique, S. (1927). Travels of Fray, 1629-1643. A Translation of the Itinerario de las Missions Orientales. Introduction and notes by Lt. Col. C. Eckford Juard, assisted by Father H. Hosten. Vol. I, Arakan. Oxford: Hakluyt Society.
  • Matthieson, D. S. (1995). “Plight of the Damned: Burma’s Rohingya Take to the Seas”, Global Asia, 4(1), 86-91.
  • Mohajan, H. (2018). History of Rakhine State and the Origin of the Rohingya Muslims, Chittagong, Bangladesh: Premier University.
  • Rahman, M. K. (1953). “Burma Muslims”, Annual Magazine, Rangoon University Muslim Students Association, 1-3.
  • Razzaq, A. and Haque, M. (1995). A Tale of Refugees: Rohingyas in Bangladesh, Dhaka: Center for Human Rights.
  • Smith, M. (1996).“The Muslim Rohingyas of Burma”, Rohingya Reader II, Burma Centrum Nederland, Amsterdam, October.
  • Sohel, S. (2017). “The Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar: Origin and Emergence”, Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol-2, Iss-11A (Nov, 2017), s. 1007-1018
  • Tinker, H. (1959). The Union of Burma, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Tha, Ba (1960). “Rowengyese in Arakan”, Guardian Monthly, Rangoon, VII, May.
  • The Daily Star (1999). Slow Pace of Repatriation Frustrates Rohingyas, Dhaka, September 13, 1999.
  • Thompson, V., and R. Adloff (1955). Minority Problems in South East Asia, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
  • Tydd, W. B. (1912). Sandoway District Gazetteer, Vol. A. Rangoon. s. 19.
  • Ullah, A. A. (2011). “Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization”, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 9(2), 139-161.
  • Wolf, S. O. (2017). “Genocide, Exodus and Exploitation for Jihad: The Urgent Need to Address the Rohingya Crisis”, South Asia Democratic Forum, Working Paper No. 6.
  • Yegar, M. (1972). The Muslims of Burma,Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Yunus, M. (1994). A History of Arakan: Past and Present, Chittagong, Bangladesh: University of Chittagong.
  • Yunus, M. (2005). Dünden Bugüne Arakan. İstanbul: İHH.

Overview of the History of Arakan Rohingya Muslims: Efforts to Ignore Their Past and Historical Exclusions

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 316 - 348, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.20486/imad.810265

Abstract

Arakan is a province of Myanmar, one of the Southeast Asian countries. Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, is a country that the Buddhist majority holds power, known for not giving its rights to Muslim minorities. Arakan province is the region with the highest number of Muslims. The Muslims living in this province are called Rohingya. Although the violent incidents suffered by the Muslims of Arakan Rohingya are much more known with the influence of the media today, there is still no sufficient information about thehistory of these people. It is generally accepted that these people are subjected to an ethnic genocide. However, there is no sanction to end the practices of the Myanmar Buddhist government. Especially after the independence of Burma, Arakanese Muslims have been declared unwanted people and started to be killed in the land they have lived for hundreds of years. This genocide, which is still continuing in front of the world, is not adequately reacted, including the Muslim world. The most important reason for this is that we have very little information about these people, including Turkey. Therefore, our study reveals their history and shows that today's Arakan Muslims are the most discriminated people living in a forgotten part of the world. The data obtained from the study, indicate that these people have been subjected to great troubles throughout their history and that they have been subjected to an increasing amount of genocide since 1948, especially when Myanmar gained its independence.

References

  • Ahmed, A. (2012). The Rohingya: Myanmar’s Outcasts, Al Jazeera English, January 12, 2012.
  • Ahmed, I. (Ed.) (2010). The Plight of the Stateless Rohingyas, Dhaka: The University Press Ltd.
  • Alam, M. A. (1999). A Short Historical Background Of Arakan. Chittagong, Bangladesh: Arakan Historical Society.
  • Ba Shin, C. (1961). “Coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 A. D.”, Lecture before Asian History Congress. New Delhi: Azad Bhavan.
  • Ba Tha, T. (1963). A Short History of Rohingya and Kamans of Burma, Trans. A. F. K. Jilani, Bangladesh: Institute of Arakan Studies.
  • Banarjee, A. C. (1964). The Eastern Frontier of British India, Calcutta, India: Mukherjee.
  • Bayram, M. ve Yaylar, Y. (2014). “Myanmar’daki Din Çatışmasının Swot Analizi”, Stratejik Düşünce Enstitüsü.
  • Bayram, M. ve Yaylar, Y. (2016). “Myanmar’daki Budist-Müslüman Çatışmasının Tarihî Dinamikleri”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 44, Haziran, 367-373
  • Clifford, H. (1904). Further India: Being the Story of Exploration from the Earliest Times in Burma, Malaya, Siam and Indo-China, London: Lawrence and Bullen.
  • Collis, M. S. (1960). “Arakan's Place in the Civilisation of the Bay”, Journal of Burma Research Society 50th Anniversary Publications, No.2, Rangoon.
  • Collis M. (1958). The Land of Great Image: Being Experiences of Friar Manrique in Arakan, New York: New Directions Paperbook.
  • Dadan, A. ve Fuad, A. R. (2018). Arakan’a İslâmiyet’in Girişi ve Yayılışı: Günümüz Arakan’ın Tarihsel Arka Plani”, İstem, Yıl:16, Sayı:32, 177-198
  • Dalar, M. ve Gökcan, Ö. (2018) “Myanmar’ın Rohingya Müslümanları Politikası: Tarihsel Ve Hukuksal Bir Analiz”, Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl: 8, Cilt: 8, Sayı: 15, 33-63.
  • Desai, W. S. (1961). A Pageant of Burmese History, Calcutta: Orient Longmans.
  • Driss, B. (2016). “Rohingya Minority in Myanmar between the Religious Persecution and the Reality of Constitutional Protection”,Brawijaya Law Journal, 3(2), 221-240.
  • FAO (2018). Briefing Note, FAO’s Response to the Rohingya Refugee Crisis in Bangladesh.
  • Forster, R. (2011). “Magh Marauders, Portuguese Pirates, White Elephants and Persian Poets: Arakan and its Bay of Bengal Connectivities in the Early ModernEra”, Explorations, 11(18), 63-70.
  • Ghosh, Jamini Mohan (1960). Maghs Raider in Bengal, Calcutta: Bookland Private Ltd.
  • Guardian (1960, 1961). In Defence of Maungdaw Muslims, 14 Ocak 1961. 27 Ocak 1960.
  • International Crisis Group (2016). “Myanmar: A New Muslim Insurgency in Rakhine State”, Brussels: December 15, 2016.
  • Irwin, A. (1945). Burmese Outpost, London: Collins.
  • Islamic Human Rights Commission (2005). Myanmar’s Muslims: The Oppressed of the Oppressed, London.
  • Jamiat-al-Ulama (1960). Memorandum for the Arakan Enquiry Commission, North Arakan, General Secretary. Rangoon.
  • Hall, D. G. E. (1958). History of South-East Asia,London: Macmillan.
  • Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824, the Beginning of the English Conquest, London: Longman´s.
  • Human Rights Council (2018). Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar, Human Rights Situations, Thirty-ninth session, 10-28 September 2018, Agenda item 4, 1-21.
  • HRW, Human Rights Watch (2013). All You Can Do is Pray. Crimes against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma’s Arakan State.
  • Khan, M. S. (1936). “Muslim Intercourse with Burma. Islamic Culture”, Hyderabad, Deccan, X, 416-419.
  • Khan, M. S. (1966). “The Tragedy of Mrauk-U (1660-1661)”, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan, Vol. XI, No.2, August.
  • Leitich, K. A. (2014). Decoding the Past: The Rohingya Origin Enigma. Paper Presented at the Third Annual Southeast Asian Studies Symposium Keble College, University of Oxford, 22-23 April, 2014.
  • Majumdar, R. C. (1944). Hindu Colonies in the Far East, Calcutta: General Printers and Publishers.
  • Majumdar, R. C. (1960). The Delhi Sultanate, Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
  • Manrique, S. (1927). Travels of Fray, 1629-1643. A Translation of the Itinerario de las Missions Orientales. Introduction and notes by Lt. Col. C. Eckford Juard, assisted by Father H. Hosten. Vol. I, Arakan. Oxford: Hakluyt Society.
  • Matthieson, D. S. (1995). “Plight of the Damned: Burma’s Rohingya Take to the Seas”, Global Asia, 4(1), 86-91.
  • Mohajan, H. (2018). History of Rakhine State and the Origin of the Rohingya Muslims, Chittagong, Bangladesh: Premier University.
  • Rahman, M. K. (1953). “Burma Muslims”, Annual Magazine, Rangoon University Muslim Students Association, 1-3.
  • Razzaq, A. and Haque, M. (1995). A Tale of Refugees: Rohingyas in Bangladesh, Dhaka: Center for Human Rights.
  • Smith, M. (1996).“The Muslim Rohingyas of Burma”, Rohingya Reader II, Burma Centrum Nederland, Amsterdam, October.
  • Sohel, S. (2017). “The Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar: Origin and Emergence”, Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol-2, Iss-11A (Nov, 2017), s. 1007-1018
  • Tinker, H. (1959). The Union of Burma, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Tha, Ba (1960). “Rowengyese in Arakan”, Guardian Monthly, Rangoon, VII, May.
  • The Daily Star (1999). Slow Pace of Repatriation Frustrates Rohingyas, Dhaka, September 13, 1999.
  • Thompson, V., and R. Adloff (1955). Minority Problems in South East Asia, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
  • Tydd, W. B. (1912). Sandoway District Gazetteer, Vol. A. Rangoon. s. 19.
  • Ullah, A. A. (2011). “Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization”, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 9(2), 139-161.
  • Wolf, S. O. (2017). “Genocide, Exodus and Exploitation for Jihad: The Urgent Need to Address the Rohingya Crisis”, South Asia Democratic Forum, Working Paper No. 6.
  • Yegar, M. (1972). The Muslims of Burma,Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Yunus, M. (1994). A History of Arakan: Past and Present, Chittagong, Bangladesh: University of Chittagong.
  • Yunus, M. (2005). Dünden Bugüne Arakan. İstanbul: İHH.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section ARTICLES
Authors

Hüseyin Günarslan 0000-0002-7276-7476

Publication Date December 31, 2020
Submission Date October 13, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Günarslan, Hüseyin. “ARAKAN ROHİNGYA MÜSLÜMANLARININ TARİHİNE GENEL BAKIŞ: GEÇMİŞLERİNİ YOK SAYMA ÇABALARI VE TARİHSEL DIŞLANMALARI”. İslam Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi 5/2 (December 2020), 316-348. https://doi.org/10.20486/imad.810265.