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AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ’NİN İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ POLİTİKASI: SORUMLULUK VE İNKÂR İKİLEMİ

Year 2019, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 523 - 543, 29.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.535125

Abstract

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), dünyanın en
büyük ekonomisi ve ikinci büyük sera gazı emisyonu üreticisi olarak küresel
iklim değişikliği ile mücadele konusunda en önemli aktörlerden birisidir.
George W. Bush yönetimi 2001’de ABD’nin Kyoto Protokolü’nden çekildiğini açık-lamış,
bu nedenle Kyoto Protokolü hedeflenen emisyon indirimini sağlamakta yetersiz
kalmıştır. Ocak 2009’da göreve gelen Başkan Obama’nın ikinci döneminde ise
ABD’nin hem federal hem de uluslararası düzeyde iklim değişikliğine uyum ve
emisyon azaltım faaliyetleri art-mıştır. 2016 Dünya Günü’nde 175 ülkenin
imzaladığı Paris Anlaşması sürecinde Obama, iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede
sorumluluk almaya ve uluslararası liderlik rolünü üstlenmeye hazır olduklarını
açıklamıştır. Ancak anlaşmanın yürürlüğe girmesinin ardından, Kasım 2016’da
ABD’de gerçekleşen başkanlık seçimini kazanan Donald J. Trump, göreve
başladıktan sonra ülkesinin Pa-ris Anlaşması’ndan çekileceğini ilan etmiştir.
Böylece bir kez daha, iklim değişikliği ile uluslararası mücadelede ABD
sorumluluk ve yükümlülük üstlenmekten kaçınan bir konum benimsemiştir. Bu
çalışmada iklim değişikliği konusunda özellikle Obama ve Trump’ın söylemleri ve
izledikleri politikalar incelenerek, sorumluluk üstlenme ya da iklim
değişikliğini inkâr ikilemi tartışılmıştır.

References

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  • FALKNER, R. (2001), Business Conflict and U.S. International Environmental Policy: Ozone, Climate, and Biodiversity, P. G. Harris içinde, The Environment, International Relations and U.S. Foreign Policy (s. 157-177), Washington D.C: Georgetown University Press.
  • FRIEDMAN, L. ve PLUMER, B. (2017), E.P.A. Announces Repeal of Major Obama-Era Carbon Emissions Rule, 28 Şubat 2019 tarihinde The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/09/climate/clean-power-plan.html adresinden alındı.
  • FRIEDRICH, J., GE, M. ve PICKENS, A. (2017), This Interactive Chart Explains World’s Top 10 Emitters, and How They’ve Changed, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde World Resources Institute: https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/04/interactive-chart-explains-worlds-top-10-emitters-and-how-theyve-changed adresinden alınmıştır.
  • FRIENDS OF THE EARTH (2018), What are Donald Trump's policies on climate change and other environmental issues?, 3 Mart 2019 tarihinde Friends of the Earth: https://friendsoftheearth.uk/climate-change/what-are-donald-trumps-policies-climate-change-and-other-environmental-issues adresinden alındı.
  • GELBSPAN, R. (2005), Boiling Point, New York: Basic Books.
  • GOLDBERG, J. (2016), The Obama Doctrine, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/ adresinden alındı.
  • GOLDENBERG, S. (2009), Obama presses for tougher controls on US car emissions, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/jan/27/obama-carbon-emissions-climate-change adresinden alındı.
  • GOLDENBERG, S. (2016), Supreme court to block Obama's sweeping climate change plan, 28 Ocak 2019 tarihinde The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/feb/09/climate-change-supreme-court-barack-obama-plan adresinden alındı.
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  • JOHNSON, K. (2015b), Obama Calls Climate Denial ‘Dereliction of Duty’, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde Foreign Policy: http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/20/obama-calls-climate-denial-dereliction-of-duty-security-coast-guard-arctic/ adresinden alındı.
  • JOHNSON, K. (2016), Obama Says Climate Change Is a Security Risk. Why Are Republicans Laughing?, 28 Şubat 2019 tarihinde Foreign Policy: http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/21/obama-says-climate-change-is-a-security-risk-why-are-republicans-laughing/ adresinden alındı.
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  • KOLBERT, E. (2015), Field Notes from a Catastrophe: Man, Nature, and Climate Change (revised and updated), New York: Bloomsbury.
  • KOPAN, T. ve GOLDIN, H. (2015), Donald Trump: Obama climate change remarks one of 'dumbest things' uttered in history, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde CNN: https://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/30/politics/donald-trump-obama-climate-change-dumbest-thing/ adresinden alındı.
  • MAGOC, C. J. (2011), Chronology of Americans and the Environment, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
  • NATIONAL SECURITY STARTEGY (2017), 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde National Security Strategy Archive: http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2017.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY (2015), 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde National Security Strategy Archive: http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • PLETKA, D. (2016), Confessions of Barack Obama, Confidence Man, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde Foreign Policy: http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/11/confessions-of-barack-obama-confidence-man/ adresinden alındı.
  • SAAD, L. ve JONES, J. M. (2016), U.S. Concern About Global Warming at Eight-Year High, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde Gallup: http://www.gallup.com/poll/190010/concern-global-warming-eight-year-high.aspx adresinden alındı.
  • SCHREURS, M. A. (2004), The Climate Change Divide: The European Union, The United States, and the Future of the Kyoto Protocol, N. J. Vig, ve M. G. Faure içinde, Green Giants? Environmental Policies of the United States and the European Union (s. 207-230), Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • SUSSMAN, G. ve DAYNES, B. W. (2013), US Politics and Climate Change: Science Confronts Policy, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • THE NEW YORK TIMES (1989), The White House and the Greenhouse, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/09/opinion/the-white-house-and-the-greenhouse.html adresinden alındı.
  • THE WHITE HOUSE (2017), Statement by President Trump on the Paris Climate Accord, 27 Şubat 2019 tarihinde The White House: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-trump-paris-climate-accord/ adresinden alındı.
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  • U.S. GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH PROGRAM (2018), Fourth National Climate Assessment, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/ adresinden alındı.
  • US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (2014), Department of Defense 2014 Climate Change Adaptation Roadmap, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde Office of the Under Secretary of Defense: http://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/Downloads/CCARprint_wForward_e.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (2015a), National Security Implications of Climate-Related Risks and a Changing Climate, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde US Department of Defense: http://archive.defense.gov/pubs/150724-congressional-report-on-national-implications-of-climate-change.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (2015b), DoD Releases Report on Security Implications of Climate Change, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde US Department of Defense: https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/612710/ adresinden alındı.
  • US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (2016), DoD Directive 4715.21 Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde DoD Directives Division: https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/471521p.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (2019), Report on Effects of a Changing Climate to the Department of Defense, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde US Department of Defense: https://media.defense.gov/2019/Jan/29/2002084200/-1/-1/1/CLIMATE-CHANGE-REPORT-2019.PDF adresinden alındı.
  • VAUGHN, J. (2011), Environmental Politics: Domestic and Global Dimensions, 6 baskı, Boston: Wadsworth.
  • VOGLER, J. (2016), Climate Change in World Politics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • WORLD BANK (2019), Gross domestic product 2017, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde World Bank: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • ZHANG, Y.-X., CHAO, Q.-C., ZHENG, Q.-H. ve HUANG, L. (2017), The withdrawal of the US from the Paris Agreement and its impact on global climate change governance, Advances in Climate Change Research, 8, 213-219.

CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES: DILEMMA OF COMMITMENT OR DENIAL

Year 2019, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 523 - 543, 29.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.535125

Abstract

The United States (US), as the world’s largest
economy and the second largest greenhouse gas emitter, is one of the most
significant actors of global climate change process. In 2001, President George
W. Bush announced the withdrawal of the US from the Kyoto Protocol which led to
a setback in the international mitigation process. On the other hand, President
Obama who took office in January 2009 has increasingly involved in climate
change adaptation and mitigation activities on both national and international
levels. The Paris Agreement, signed by 175 states on 2016 Earth Day, represented
the beginning of a new era in international climate negotiations and the US
eagerly announced its willingness to lead in the coming years. However, with
the election of Donald J. Trump in November 2016, the role of the US in
international climate mitigation and adaptation negotiations was shifted once
more. This study aims to analyze and compare the climate change rhetoric and
policies of Obama and Trump, discussing their administrations’ respective
climate commitments or denial.

References

  • ATVUR, S. ve UYSAL OĞUZ, C. (2018), The Paris Agreement: Climate Politics of Global Actors, Ö. Kalkan Küçüksolak ve A. M. Yıldız içinde, Current Debates in International Relations & Law (s. 11-24), Londra: IJOPEC Publication.
  • BAILEY, C. J. (2016), US Climate Change Policy, New York: Routledge.
  • BARNEY, G. O. (ed.) (1980), The Global 2000 Report to the President: Entering the 21st Century Volume One, US Government Printing Office, 18 Şubat 2019 tarihinde http://www.geraldbarney.com/Global_2000_Report/G2000-Eng-GPO/G2000_Vol1_GPO.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • BBC (2018), Trump on climate change report: 'I don't believe it', 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46351940 adresinden alındı.
  • BORGER, J. (2017), Trump drops climate change from US national security strategy, 1 Mart tarihinde The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/18/trump-drop-climate-change-national-security-strategy adresinden alındı.
  • DE LA GARZA, A. (2019), President Trump Renews Climate Change Denial Days After Defense Department Releases Daunting Report on Its Effects, 3 Mart 2019 tarihinde Time: http://time.com/5508259/trump-climate-change-defense-department/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (2013), The President’s Climate Action Plan, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde The White House President Barack Obama: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/image/president27sclimateactionplan.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • FALKNER, R. (2001), Business Conflict and U.S. International Environmental Policy: Ozone, Climate, and Biodiversity, P. G. Harris içinde, The Environment, International Relations and U.S. Foreign Policy (s. 157-177), Washington D.C: Georgetown University Press.
  • FRIEDMAN, L. ve PLUMER, B. (2017), E.P.A. Announces Repeal of Major Obama-Era Carbon Emissions Rule, 28 Şubat 2019 tarihinde The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/09/climate/clean-power-plan.html adresinden alındı.
  • FRIEDRICH, J., GE, M. ve PICKENS, A. (2017), This Interactive Chart Explains World’s Top 10 Emitters, and How They’ve Changed, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde World Resources Institute: https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/04/interactive-chart-explains-worlds-top-10-emitters-and-how-theyve-changed adresinden alınmıştır.
  • FRIENDS OF THE EARTH (2018), What are Donald Trump's policies on climate change and other environmental issues?, 3 Mart 2019 tarihinde Friends of the Earth: https://friendsoftheearth.uk/climate-change/what-are-donald-trumps-policies-climate-change-and-other-environmental-issues adresinden alındı.
  • GELBSPAN, R. (2005), Boiling Point, New York: Basic Books.
  • GOLDBERG, J. (2016), The Obama Doctrine, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/ adresinden alındı.
  • GOLDENBERG, S. (2009), Obama presses for tougher controls on US car emissions, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/jan/27/obama-carbon-emissions-climate-change adresinden alındı.
  • GOLDENBERG, S. (2016), Supreme court to block Obama's sweeping climate change plan, 28 Ocak 2019 tarihinde The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/feb/09/climate-change-supreme-court-barack-obama-plan adresinden alındı.
  • GRAHAM, Jr., O. L. (2015), Presidents and the American Environment, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
  • JOHNSON, K. (2015a), Kerry Flags Security Threat From Climate Change, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde Foreign Policy: http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/10/kerry-flags-security-threat-from-climate-change-paris-norfolk/ adresinden alındı.
  • JOHNSON, K. (2015b), Obama Calls Climate Denial ‘Dereliction of Duty’, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde Foreign Policy: http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/20/obama-calls-climate-denial-dereliction-of-duty-security-coast-guard-arctic/ adresinden alındı.
  • JOHNSON, K. (2016), Obama Says Climate Change Is a Security Risk. Why Are Republicans Laughing?, 28 Şubat 2019 tarihinde Foreign Policy: http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/21/obama-says-climate-change-is-a-security-risk-why-are-republicans-laughing/ adresinden alındı.
  • KOLBERT, E. (2009), Leading Causes, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde The New Yorker: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/10/05/leading-causes adresinden alındı.
  • KOLBERT, E. (2015), Field Notes from a Catastrophe: Man, Nature, and Climate Change (revised and updated), New York: Bloomsbury.
  • KOPAN, T. ve GOLDIN, H. (2015), Donald Trump: Obama climate change remarks one of 'dumbest things' uttered in history, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde CNN: https://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/30/politics/donald-trump-obama-climate-change-dumbest-thing/ adresinden alındı.
  • MAGOC, C. J. (2011), Chronology of Americans and the Environment, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
  • NATIONAL SECURITY STARTEGY (2017), 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde National Security Strategy Archive: http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2017.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY (2015), 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde National Security Strategy Archive: http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • PLETKA, D. (2016), Confessions of Barack Obama, Confidence Man, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde Foreign Policy: http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/11/confessions-of-barack-obama-confidence-man/ adresinden alındı.
  • SAAD, L. ve JONES, J. M. (2016), U.S. Concern About Global Warming at Eight-Year High, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde Gallup: http://www.gallup.com/poll/190010/concern-global-warming-eight-year-high.aspx adresinden alındı.
  • SCHREURS, M. A. (2004), The Climate Change Divide: The European Union, The United States, and the Future of the Kyoto Protocol, N. J. Vig, ve M. G. Faure içinde, Green Giants? Environmental Policies of the United States and the European Union (s. 207-230), Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • SUSSMAN, G. ve DAYNES, B. W. (2013), US Politics and Climate Change: Science Confronts Policy, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • THE NEW YORK TIMES (1989), The White House and the Greenhouse, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/09/opinion/the-white-house-and-the-greenhouse.html adresinden alındı.
  • THE WHITE HOUSE (2017), Statement by President Trump on the Paris Climate Accord, 27 Şubat 2019 tarihinde The White House: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-trump-paris-climate-accord/ adresinden alındı.
  • THE WHITE HOUSE PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA (2015), Remarks by President Obama at the First Session of COP21, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde The White House President Barack Obama: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/11/30/remarks-president-obama-first-session-cop21 adresinden alındı.
  • THE WHITE HOUSE PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA (t.y.), Climate Change and President Obama’s Action Plan, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde The White House President Barack Obama: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/president-obama-climate-action-plan adresinden alındı.
  • U.S. GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH PROGRAM (2018), Fourth National Climate Assessment, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/ adresinden alındı.
  • US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (2014), Department of Defense 2014 Climate Change Adaptation Roadmap, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde Office of the Under Secretary of Defense: http://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/Downloads/CCARprint_wForward_e.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (2015a), National Security Implications of Climate-Related Risks and a Changing Climate, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde US Department of Defense: http://archive.defense.gov/pubs/150724-congressional-report-on-national-implications-of-climate-change.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (2015b), DoD Releases Report on Security Implications of Climate Change, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde US Department of Defense: https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/612710/ adresinden alındı.
  • US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (2016), DoD Directive 4715.21 Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde DoD Directives Division: https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/471521p.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (2019), Report on Effects of a Changing Climate to the Department of Defense, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde US Department of Defense: https://media.defense.gov/2019/Jan/29/2002084200/-1/-1/1/CLIMATE-CHANGE-REPORT-2019.PDF adresinden alındı.
  • VAUGHN, J. (2011), Environmental Politics: Domestic and Global Dimensions, 6 baskı, Boston: Wadsworth.
  • VOGLER, J. (2016), Climate Change in World Politics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • WORLD BANK (2019), Gross domestic product 2017, 1 Mart 2019 tarihinde World Bank: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • ZHANG, Y.-X., CHAO, Q.-C., ZHENG, Q.-H. ve HUANG, L. (2017), The withdrawal of the US from the Paris Agreement and its impact on global climate change governance, Advances in Climate Change Research, 8, 213-219.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ceren Uysal Oğuz 0000-0001-7342-0362

Publication Date August 29, 2019
Submission Date March 4, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Uysal Oğuz, C. (2019). AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ’NİN İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ POLİTİKASI: SORUMLULUK VE İNKÂR İKİLEMİ. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 6(2), 523-543. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.535125

Cited By

KÜRESEL İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ KONUSUNA AMERİKAN YAKLAŞIMI
Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.912056