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Global Hegemony, the USA and the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of the Effect of the Outbreak on the Global Power Shifting

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 4 - 35, 01.06.2021

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze how America, which is in decline in its global dominance, is affected by the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus. For this purpose, the study will be conducted in four parts. In the first part, a theoretical literature review will be done on hegemony and global leadership. In the second part, the general development process of the global leadership of the USA will be examined; in the third part, the extent to which the global epidemic has affected the USA will be examined. In the last part, a general analysis, including China, will be presented. In summary, the USA is in a period of decline in terms of global leadership due to historical, economic and political reasons. However, although the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic affected the USA negatively, the global epidemic did not significantly change the USA's current global dominancy.

References

  • Acharya A. (2014). The End of American World Order. Polity.
  • Akon, S. and Rahman, M. (2020). Reshaping the Global Order in the Post COVID-19 Era: A Critical Analysis. Chinese Journal of International Review, 2 (1), 1-15.
  • Antoniades, A. (28 March 2008). From Theories Of Hegemony’ To ‘Hegemony Analysis in International Relations, 49th ISA Annual Convention, San Francisco.
  • Arrighi, G. (2005). Hegemony unravelling. New Left Review, 1(32), 1-58.
  • Barry K. Gills and Patomäki, H. (2017). Trumponomics and the “post-hegemonic” World, real-world economics review, 79, 91-107.
  • Brooks, S. G. and Wohlforth, W. C. (2016). The Once and Future Superpower, Why China Won’t Overtake the United States. Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/print/1117092, Erişim: 22 Ocak 2021.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (2005). Küresel Hakimiyet mi? Küresel Tercih mi? Çev. Cem Küçük, İstanbul: İnkilap.
  • Clark, I. (2009). Bringing hegemony back in: the United States and international order. International Affairs, 85 (1) 23-36 Cox, R. (1993). Gramsci, hegemony and international relations: An essay in method. In S. Gill (Ed.), Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations (Cambridge Studies in International Relations, 49-66). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558993.003.
  • Cox, R. W. (1981). Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10(2).
  • Demir, S. (Haziran 2011). ABD’nin Küresel Gücünün Britanya ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Dönemi ile Karşılaştırılması. Genelkurmay SAREM Stratejik Araştırmalar, 9(17), 41-96.
  • Desai, R. (2015). Geopolitical Economy: the Discipline of Multipolarity. Valdai Papers, (24), 1-12.
  • Desai, R. M. and Vreeland, J. R. (2011). Global Governance in a Multipolar World: The Case for Regional Monetary Funds. International Studies Review, (13), 109-121.
  • Dirzauskaite, G. Ilinca, N. C. (2017). Understanding “Hegemony” in International Relations Theories, https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/260247380/Understanding__Hegemony__in_International_Relations_Theories.pdf., Erişim: 02 mayıs 2021.
  • Drezner, D. W. (2020) The Song Remains the Same: International Relations After COVID-19, International Organization 74, Supplement.
  • Erkmen, S. A. (2008). Amerikan Hegemonyasının Yeniden İnşasında Bölgesel Faktörlerin Rolü: ABD’nin Kuzey Irak Politikası Örneği. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • European Strategy and Policy Analysis System (ESPAS), Global Trends 2030 – Citizens in an Interconnected and Polycentric World (Paris: Institute for Security Studies, 2012), https://espas.secure.europarl.europa.eu/ orbis/sites/default/files/espas_files/about/espas_report_ii_01_en.pdf, Erişim: 25 Ocak 2021.
  • Ferguson, N. (2004). Colosssus. London: Penguin Books.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1989). The End of History?. The National Interest, 3-18
  • Fukuyama, Francis, “The Fall Of America Inc.”, Newsweek Dergisi, 7 Ekim 2008.
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gilpin, R. (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hart, M. and Johnson, B. (2019). Mapping China’s Global Governance Ambitions: Democracies Still Have Leverage to Shape Beijing’s Reform Agenda. Center for American Progress.
  • Hass, R. (January/ February 2019). How a World Order Ends: And What Comes in Its Wake. Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2018-12- 11/how-world-order-ends, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • Hass, R. A. (11 May 2020). Cold War With China Would Be a Mistake, Wall Street Journal. https://knoema.com/nwnfkne/world-gdp-ranking-2020-gdp-by-country-data-and-charts, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • https://statisticstimes.com/economy/projected-world-gdp-ranking.php, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021
  • https://statisticstimes.com/economy/united-states-vs-china-economy.php, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • https://www.history.com/news/black-death-timeline, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/pandemics-timeline, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • https://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/?utm_campaign=homeAdvegas1?, Erişim: 28 nisan 2021.
  • Huntington Samuel P., Biz Kimiz ? Çeviri, CSA Global Yayın Ajansı, 2004.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2002). America’s Imperial Ambition. Forign Affairs, 81(5), 44-60.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2004). American hegemony and East Asian order. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 58 (3), 353–367.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2008). The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive?. Foreign Affairs. 23, 23-35.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2018). The End of Liberal World Order?. International Affairs, 1, 7-23.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2011). Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Ikenberry, J. and Charles Kupchan (1990). Socialization and Hegemonic Power. International Organization, 44 (3): 283-315.
  • Kagan, R. (2008). The return of history and the end of dreams. New York: Knopf Publishing.
  • Kamali-Chirani, F.& Khalid, I. S. (2020). Policy Review COVID-19 and Change in Global Political Order. SDPI.
  • Kennedy, P. (2001). Büyük Güçlerin Yükseliş ve Çöküşleri. Çev, Birtane Karanakçı, İstanbul: İş Banaksı.
  • Keohane, R. (1980). The Theory of Hegemonic Stability and Changes in International Economic Regimes, 1967-77. In O.Holsti, R.Siverson and A.George (eds.): Change in the International System. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 131-62.
  • Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Kindleberger, C. (1981). Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy: Exploitation, Public Goods and Free Riders”. International Studies Quarterly, 25(2), 242-54.
  • Knight, W. Andy. (11 April 2014). Challenges to US Hegemony. Keynote address to the LIRDS think tank. Georgetown, Guyana.
  • Krasner, S. D. (1983). Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables. In Stephen D. Krasner (Ed.). International Regimes. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Kurečić, P. and Binoy Kampmark (2016). A Multifarious, Multifaceted Approach To The Multipolar World: A Necessity. 13th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development Conference, Barcelona, 1.
  • Layne, C. (2011). The unipolar exit: beyond the Pax Americana. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 24 (2), 149-164. Leonardo, E. K. (2007). A Case Study in Declining American Hegemony: Flawed Policy Concerning the ICC. The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 147-166.
  • Mark B. (2004). The Rise of the ‘Neocons’ and the Evolution of American Foreign Policy’, Working Paper No. 107, Asia Research Centre or Murdoch University, 1-22.
  • Mearsheimer J. J. (September 11, 2018). The Rise & Fall of the Liberal International Order, Paper Prepared for Presentation at Notre Dame International Security Cente.
  • Norrlof, C. (2018). Hegemony. Oxford Bibliographies cited in Biran Schmidt, Hegemony: A conceptual and theoretical analysis, Erişim: 29 Nisan 2021, https://doc-research.org/2018/08/hegemony-conceptual-theoretical-analysis/
  • Nye J. S. Jr. (1990). Soft Power, Foreign Policy, 80, Twentieth Anniversary, 153-171.
  • Puchala, D. J. (2005). World Hegemony and the United Nations. International Studies Review, 7(4) 571–584.
  • Strange, S. (1987). The Persistent Myth of Lost Hegemony. International Organization, 41, 1987.
  • Tomja, A. (2014). Polarity and International System Consequences. Interdisplinary Journal of Research and Development, I(1), 57-61. Viotti, P. R. and Kauppi. M.. V. (2010) International Relations Theory, Longman, Pearson.
  • Wallerstein I. (2006). The Curve of American Power, New Left Review, 1-20.
  • Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison- Wesley.
  • Weber M.(1997). Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu, Çev. Zeynep Gürata, Ankara: Ayraç.
  • Zakaria, F. (2008). The Future of American Power, How America Can Survive, The Rise of the Rest”, Foreign Affairs.

Küresel Hegemonya, ABD ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 4 - 35, 01.06.2021

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, küresel egemenliğinde belirli azalma eğilimi içinde olan Amerika’nın, COVID 19 virüsü kaynaklı pandemisiden nasıl etkilendiğini analiz etmektir. Dolayısıyla bu analiz, pandemiden dolayı, ABD’nin küresel egemenliğinden azalma veya artma olup olmadığını ortaya çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla çalışma dört bölüm halinde incelenecektir. Birinci bölümde, hegemonya ve küresel liderlik ile ilişkin kuramsal bir literatür taraması yapılacaktır. İkinci bölümde ABD’nin küresel liderliğinin genel gelişim süreci incelenecek; üçüncü bölümde küresel salgın hastalığın ABD’yi ne kadar etkilediği incelenecektir. Son bölümde ise Çin’i de içeren genel bir analiz sunulacaktır. Özetle ABD, tarihsel, ekonomik, politik nedenlerle küresel liderlik açısından bir gerileme sürecine girdiği bilinen bir süreçtir. Ancak, COVID 19 Pandemisi dolayıyla yaşanan ekonomik kriz ABD’yi olumsuz etkilemesine karşın, küresel salgın hastalık, ABD’nin mevcut küresel egemenliğine önemli bir değişim getirmemiştir.

References

  • Acharya A. (2014). The End of American World Order. Polity.
  • Akon, S. and Rahman, M. (2020). Reshaping the Global Order in the Post COVID-19 Era: A Critical Analysis. Chinese Journal of International Review, 2 (1), 1-15.
  • Antoniades, A. (28 March 2008). From Theories Of Hegemony’ To ‘Hegemony Analysis in International Relations, 49th ISA Annual Convention, San Francisco.
  • Arrighi, G. (2005). Hegemony unravelling. New Left Review, 1(32), 1-58.
  • Barry K. Gills and Patomäki, H. (2017). Trumponomics and the “post-hegemonic” World, real-world economics review, 79, 91-107.
  • Brooks, S. G. and Wohlforth, W. C. (2016). The Once and Future Superpower, Why China Won’t Overtake the United States. Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/print/1117092, Erişim: 22 Ocak 2021.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (2005). Küresel Hakimiyet mi? Küresel Tercih mi? Çev. Cem Küçük, İstanbul: İnkilap.
  • Clark, I. (2009). Bringing hegemony back in: the United States and international order. International Affairs, 85 (1) 23-36 Cox, R. (1993). Gramsci, hegemony and international relations: An essay in method. In S. Gill (Ed.), Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations (Cambridge Studies in International Relations, 49-66). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558993.003.
  • Cox, R. W. (1981). Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10(2).
  • Demir, S. (Haziran 2011). ABD’nin Küresel Gücünün Britanya ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Dönemi ile Karşılaştırılması. Genelkurmay SAREM Stratejik Araştırmalar, 9(17), 41-96.
  • Desai, R. (2015). Geopolitical Economy: the Discipline of Multipolarity. Valdai Papers, (24), 1-12.
  • Desai, R. M. and Vreeland, J. R. (2011). Global Governance in a Multipolar World: The Case for Regional Monetary Funds. International Studies Review, (13), 109-121.
  • Dirzauskaite, G. Ilinca, N. C. (2017). Understanding “Hegemony” in International Relations Theories, https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/260247380/Understanding__Hegemony__in_International_Relations_Theories.pdf., Erişim: 02 mayıs 2021.
  • Drezner, D. W. (2020) The Song Remains the Same: International Relations After COVID-19, International Organization 74, Supplement.
  • Erkmen, S. A. (2008). Amerikan Hegemonyasının Yeniden İnşasında Bölgesel Faktörlerin Rolü: ABD’nin Kuzey Irak Politikası Örneği. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • European Strategy and Policy Analysis System (ESPAS), Global Trends 2030 – Citizens in an Interconnected and Polycentric World (Paris: Institute for Security Studies, 2012), https://espas.secure.europarl.europa.eu/ orbis/sites/default/files/espas_files/about/espas_report_ii_01_en.pdf, Erişim: 25 Ocak 2021.
  • Ferguson, N. (2004). Colosssus. London: Penguin Books.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1989). The End of History?. The National Interest, 3-18
  • Fukuyama, Francis, “The Fall Of America Inc.”, Newsweek Dergisi, 7 Ekim 2008.
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gilpin, R. (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hart, M. and Johnson, B. (2019). Mapping China’s Global Governance Ambitions: Democracies Still Have Leverage to Shape Beijing’s Reform Agenda. Center for American Progress.
  • Hass, R. (January/ February 2019). How a World Order Ends: And What Comes in Its Wake. Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2018-12- 11/how-world-order-ends, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • Hass, R. A. (11 May 2020). Cold War With China Would Be a Mistake, Wall Street Journal. https://knoema.com/nwnfkne/world-gdp-ranking-2020-gdp-by-country-data-and-charts, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • https://statisticstimes.com/economy/projected-world-gdp-ranking.php, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021
  • https://statisticstimes.com/economy/united-states-vs-china-economy.php, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • https://www.history.com/news/black-death-timeline, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/pandemics-timeline, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • https://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/, Erişim: 30 Nisan 2021. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/?utm_campaign=homeAdvegas1?, Erişim: 28 nisan 2021.
  • Huntington Samuel P., Biz Kimiz ? Çeviri, CSA Global Yayın Ajansı, 2004.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2002). America’s Imperial Ambition. Forign Affairs, 81(5), 44-60.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2004). American hegemony and East Asian order. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 58 (3), 353–367.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2008). The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive?. Foreign Affairs. 23, 23-35.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2018). The End of Liberal World Order?. International Affairs, 1, 7-23.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2011). Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Ikenberry, J. and Charles Kupchan (1990). Socialization and Hegemonic Power. International Organization, 44 (3): 283-315.
  • Kagan, R. (2008). The return of history and the end of dreams. New York: Knopf Publishing.
  • Kamali-Chirani, F.& Khalid, I. S. (2020). Policy Review COVID-19 and Change in Global Political Order. SDPI.
  • Kennedy, P. (2001). Büyük Güçlerin Yükseliş ve Çöküşleri. Çev, Birtane Karanakçı, İstanbul: İş Banaksı.
  • Keohane, R. (1980). The Theory of Hegemonic Stability and Changes in International Economic Regimes, 1967-77. In O.Holsti, R.Siverson and A.George (eds.): Change in the International System. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 131-62.
  • Keohane, R. O. (1984). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Kindleberger, C. (1981). Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy: Exploitation, Public Goods and Free Riders”. International Studies Quarterly, 25(2), 242-54.
  • Knight, W. Andy. (11 April 2014). Challenges to US Hegemony. Keynote address to the LIRDS think tank. Georgetown, Guyana.
  • Krasner, S. D. (1983). Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables. In Stephen D. Krasner (Ed.). International Regimes. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Kurečić, P. and Binoy Kampmark (2016). A Multifarious, Multifaceted Approach To The Multipolar World: A Necessity. 13th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development Conference, Barcelona, 1.
  • Layne, C. (2011). The unipolar exit: beyond the Pax Americana. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 24 (2), 149-164. Leonardo, E. K. (2007). A Case Study in Declining American Hegemony: Flawed Policy Concerning the ICC. The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 147-166.
  • Mark B. (2004). The Rise of the ‘Neocons’ and the Evolution of American Foreign Policy’, Working Paper No. 107, Asia Research Centre or Murdoch University, 1-22.
  • Mearsheimer J. J. (September 11, 2018). The Rise & Fall of the Liberal International Order, Paper Prepared for Presentation at Notre Dame International Security Cente.
  • Norrlof, C. (2018). Hegemony. Oxford Bibliographies cited in Biran Schmidt, Hegemony: A conceptual and theoretical analysis, Erişim: 29 Nisan 2021, https://doc-research.org/2018/08/hegemony-conceptual-theoretical-analysis/
  • Nye J. S. Jr. (1990). Soft Power, Foreign Policy, 80, Twentieth Anniversary, 153-171.
  • Puchala, D. J. (2005). World Hegemony and the United Nations. International Studies Review, 7(4) 571–584.
  • Strange, S. (1987). The Persistent Myth of Lost Hegemony. International Organization, 41, 1987.
  • Tomja, A. (2014). Polarity and International System Consequences. Interdisplinary Journal of Research and Development, I(1), 57-61. Viotti, P. R. and Kauppi. M.. V. (2010) International Relations Theory, Longman, Pearson.
  • Wallerstein I. (2006). The Curve of American Power, New Left Review, 1-20.
  • Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison- Wesley.
  • Weber M.(1997). Protestan Ahlakı ve Kapitalizmin Ruhu, Çev. Zeynep Gürata, Ankara: Ayraç.
  • Zakaria, F. (2008). The Future of American Power, How America Can Survive, The Rise of the Rest”, Foreign Affairs.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sertif Demir 0000-0001-8329-8735

Publication Date June 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Demir, S. (2021). Küresel Hegemonya, ABD ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz. Novus Orbis: Siyaset Bilimi Ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 3(1), 4-35.
AMA Demir S. Küresel Hegemonya, ABD ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz. Novus Orbis. June 2021;3(1):4-35.
Chicago Demir, Sertif. “Küresel Hegemonya, ABD Ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz”. Novus Orbis: Siyaset Bilimi Ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 3, no. 1 (June 2021): 4-35.
EndNote Demir S (June 1, 2021) Küresel Hegemonya, ABD ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz. Novus Orbis: Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 3 1 4–35.
IEEE S. Demir, “Küresel Hegemonya, ABD ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz”, Novus Orbis, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4–35, 2021.
ISNAD Demir, Sertif. “Küresel Hegemonya, ABD Ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz”. Novus Orbis: Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 3/1 (June 2021), 4-35.
JAMA Demir S. Küresel Hegemonya, ABD ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz. Novus Orbis. 2021;3:4–35.
MLA Demir, Sertif. “Küresel Hegemonya, ABD Ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz”. Novus Orbis: Siyaset Bilimi Ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 1, 2021, pp. 4-35.
Vancouver Demir S. Küresel Hegemonya, ABD ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz. Novus Orbis. 2021;3(1):4-35.