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Erken Tunç Çağında Fiziksel Aktivite ve Mobilite: Resuloğlu (Çorum) İskeletlerine Ait Uzun Kemiklerin Kesitsel Geometrik Analizi

Year 2023, Issue: 32, 97 - 112, 01.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1146857

Abstract

Giriş: Arkeolojik alanlarda ele geçen organik kalıntılardan yola çıkarak insanların hareket tarzları ve geçim örüntülerini ortaya çıkarmaya çalışan araştırmalarda son dönemlerde önemli gelişmeler kaydedilmiştir. Bu anlamda uzun kemiklerin kesit özelliklerinin (geometrisinin) biyomekanik yöntemlerle incelenmesi önemli katkılar sağlamıştır.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Resuloğlu (Çorum) Erken Tunç Çağı (ETÇ III) topluluğuna ait uzun kemiklerin kesitsel geometrik analizi yapılarak bu dönemde yaşayan insanların maruz kaldıkları yükün bedenin hangi bölgesinde yoğunlaştığı, cinsiyetler arasında iş yükünün farklılık gösterip göstermediği, çoğunlukla hangi fiziksel aktivitelerin gerçekleştirildiği gibi sorulara cevap aranmaktadır.

Materyal ve metot: Analizler 13 femur, 19 humerus ve 4 tibia olmak üzere toplamda 36 uzun kemik üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uzun kemik diafizlerinin kesit görüntüleri bilgisayarlı tomografi yardımıyla alınmıştır. Kesitlerde kortikal alan (CA) ve eğilme-burulmaya karşı gösterilen dayanım (Zp) ve değişmezlik (J) değerleri hesaplanmıştır.

Bulgular: Resuloğlu ETÇ dönemine ait insanların kemiklerine binen yükün özellikle alt uzuvlarda etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen kesitsel geometrik parametreler, toplumda erkeklerin eğilme-burulma zorlanmalarıyla daha fazla karşılaştıklarını göstermektedir. Erkeklerin kesit modülü (Zp) değeri, karşılaştırılan diğer prehistorik toplumlardan yüksek çıkmıştır. Üst uzuvların eğilme-burulma zorlanması da erkeklerde daha yüksek bulunmuştur, ancak üst uzuvlardaki cinsiyet farklılığı alt uzuvlardaki kadar belirgin değildir.

Sonuçlar: Resuloğlu iskeletlerinde alt uzuvlarda irilik ve dayanıklılığın diğer prehistorik toplumlara göre daha fazla olmasının yaşanılan coğrafyanın topografyasıyla ve geçim ekonomisiyle ilintili olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Yerleşim yerinin engebeli bir arazide ve dik yamaçların hâkim olduğu bir coğrafyada konumlanmış olması, eğilme ve burulma dayanımını artıran önemli bir faktördür. Bunun yanı sıra, Resuloğlu insanlarının agropastoral yaşam tarzını sürdürmelerinin de bu örüntünün ortaya çıkmasında etkileri olmuştur. Kesitsel geometrik özellikler, toplumda cinsiyete dayalı iş bölümünün belirgin olduğunu, erkeklerin kadınlara göre daha mobil olduklarını ve daha fazla zorlanmayla karşılaşılan işleri yaptıklarını ortaya koymaktadır.

Supporting Institution

İstanbul Üniversitesi BAP Brimi

Project Number

29130

Thanks

Bu çalışma İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir (Proje No. 29130). Kemik üzerinde tespit edilen noktaların bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) çekimleri İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Radyoloji Bölümünde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Destekleri için İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi ve İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Radyoloji Bölümü çalışanlarına teşekkür ederiz.

References

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  • ARIKAN, B./ YILDIRIM, T. 2018. “Paleoclimate, geology, geomorphology, and Middle Holocene settlement systems in the Delice Valley of North-Central Anatolia,” Journal of Field Archaeology 43(8):570-590.
  • ATAMTÜRK, D./ DUYAR, İ. 2009. “Resuloğlu (Uğurludağ, Çorum) iskeletlerinin antropolojik analizi,” Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 25:311-328.
  • ATAMTÜRK, D./ DUYAR, İ. 2010. “Resuloğlu Erken Tunç Çağı topluluğunda ağız ve diş sağlığı,” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 27(1):33-52.
  • AUERBACH, B. M./ RUFF, C. B. 2004. “Human body mass estimation: a comparison of morphometric and mechanical methods,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 125:331-342.
  • AUERBACH, B. M./ RUFF, C.B. 2006. “Limb bone bilateral asymmetry: variability and commonality among modern humans,” Journal of Human Evolution 50:203-218.
  • BOZDAGER, E. 2016. Mukavemet Ders Notları, İstanbul: İTÜ Makine Mühendisliği Fakültesi.
  • CARTER, D. R./ BEAUPRE, G. S. 2001. Skeletal Function and Form, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • CHURCHILL, S. E. 1994. Human Upper Body Evolution in the Eurasian Later Pleistocene (The University of New Mexico, Unpublished PhD Thesis), Albuquerque, New Mexico.
  • CHURCHILL, S. E./ FORMICOLA, V. 1997. “A case of marked bilateral asymmetry in the upper limbs of an Upper Paleolithic male from Barma Grande, Italy,” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7:18-38.
  • DARDENİZ, G./ YILDIRIM, T. Metal consumption of a middle-range society in the late 3rd millennium BC Anatolia: a new socioeconomic approach. Plos One 17(6):e0269189.
  • DOBSON, S. D./ TRINKAUS, E. 2002. “Cross-sectional geometry and morphology of the mandibular symphysis in Middle and Late Pleistocene Homo,” Journal of Human Evolution 43:67–87.
  • DUYAR, İ./ ATAMTÜRK, D. 2011. “Erken Tunç Çağında Orta Anadolu’da ölü gömme âdeti, sağlık yapısı ve yaşam biçimi: Resuloğlu örneği,” Çorum Kazı ve Araştırmalar Sempozyumu 1:29-41.
  • GRINE, F./ JUNGERS, W./ TOBIAS, P. V./ PEARSON, O. M. 1995. “Fossil Homo femur from Berg Aukas, northern Namibia,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 97:151-185.
  • GÜNER, C./ ALIYEV, V./ ATAMTÜRK, D./ DUYAR, İ./ SÖYLEMEZOĞLU, T. 2011. “Retention of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and as on human bones unearthed at a Central Anatolian Early Bronze Age excavation site (Resuloğlu, Turkey),” Eurasian Journal of Anthropology 2(1):27-39.
  • HOLT, B. M. 2003. “Mobility in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe: evidence from the lower limb,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 122:200-381.
  • LARSEN, C. S. 1995. “Biological changes in human populations with agriculture,” Annual Review of Anthropology 24:185-213.
  • LARSEN, C. S. 2002. “Bioarchaeology: the lives and lifestyles of past people,” Journal of Archaeological Research 10:119-166.
  • LARSEN, C. S./ HILLSON, S. W./ RUFF, C. B./ SADVARI, J. W./ GAROFALO, E. M. 2013. “The human remains II: interpreting lifestyle and activity in Neolithic Çatalhöyük,” Human and Landscapes of Çatalhöyük (Ed. I. Hodder), Cotsen Institute of Archaeology/British Institute at Ankara: 397-412.
  • LOVEJOY, O. C./ BURSTEIN, A. H./ HEIPLE, K. G. 1976. “The biomechanical analysis of bone strength: a method and its application to platycnemia,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 44:489-506.
  • MARCHI, D./ SPARACELLO, V. S./ HOLT, B./ FORMICOLA, V. 2006. “Biomechanical approach to the reconstruction of activity patterns in Neolithic Western Liguria, Italy,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131:447-455.
  • MARCHI, D. 2008. “Relationships between lower limb cross-sectional geometry and mobility: the case of a Neolithic sample from Italy,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137:188–200.
  • McHENRY, H. 1992. “Body size and proportions in early hominids,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 87:407-431.
  • OGILVIE, M. D./ HILTON, C. E. 2011. “Cross-sectional geometry in the humeri of foragers and farmers from the prehispanic American Southwest: exploring patterns in the sexual division of labor,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144:11–21.
  • RUFF, C. B. 1987. “Sexual dimorphism in human lower limb bone structure: relationship to subsistence strategy and sexual division of labor,” Journal of Human Evolution 16:391-416.
  • RUFF, C. B. 2000. “Body size, body shape, and long bone strength in modern humans,” Journal of Human Evolution 38:269-290.
  • RUFF, C. B. 2005. “Mechanical determinants of bone form: insights from skeletal remains,” Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions 5:202-212.
  • RUFF, C. B. 2008. “Biomechanical analyses of archaeological human skeletons,” Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, (Ed. M. A. Katzenberg/S.R. Saunders), Hoboken, New Jersey: 183-206.
  • RUFF, C. B. 2019. “Biomechanical analyses of archaeological human skeleton,” Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, (3rd ed.), (Ed. M.A. Katzenberg/A. L.), Hoboken, New Jersey:189-224.
  • RUFF, C./ HAYES, B./ WILSON, C. 1983. “Cross sectional geometry of Pecos-Pueblo femora and tibiae—A biomechanical investigation,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 60:359-381.
  • RUFF, C./ JONES, H. H. 1981. “Bilateral asymmetry in cortical bone of the humerus and tibia—sex and age factors,” Human Biology 53:69-86.
  • RUFF, C. B./ LARSEN, C. S./ HAYES, W. C. 1984. “Structural changes in the femur with the transition to agriculture on the Georgia Coast,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64:125-136.
  • RUFF, C. B./ SCOTT, W. W./ LIU, A. Y. 1991. “Articular and diaphyseal remodeling of proximal femur with changes in body mass in adults,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86:397-413.
  • RUFF, C. B./ TRINKAUS, E./ WALKER, A./ LARSEN, C. S. 1993. “Postcranial robusticity in Homo: I temporal trends and mechanical interpretation,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9:21-53.
  • RUFF, C. B./ HOLT, B. M./ SLADEK, V. 2006. “Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean Iceman,” Journal of Human Evolution 51:91-101.
  • SHIGHLEY, J. F. 1976. Applied Mechanics of Materials, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • SHAW, C. N./ STOCK, J. T. 2009. “Intensity, repetitiveness, and directionality of habitual adolescent mobility patterns influence the tibial diaphysis morphology of athletes,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140:149-159.
  • SİPAHİ, T./ YILDIRIM, T. 2000. “1998 yılı Çorum bölgesi yüzey araştırması,” Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 17(2):31-40.
  • SLADEK, V./ BERNER, M./ SAILER, R. 2006. “Mobility in Central European Late Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age: tibial cross-sectional geometry,” Journal of Archaeological Science 33:470-482.
  • STOCK, J./ PFEIFFER, S. 2001. “Linking structural variability in long bone diaphyses to habitual behaviors: foragers from the Southern African Later Stone Age and the Andaman Islands,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115:337-348.
  • STOCK, J. T./ PFEIFFER S. K. 2004. “Long bone robusticity and subsistence behavior among Later Stone Age foragers of the forest and fynbos biomes of South Africa,” Journal of Archaeological Science 31:999–1013.
  • STOCK, J. T./ O’NEILL, M. C./ RUFF, C. B./ ZABECKI, M./ SHACKELFORD, L./ ROSE, J. C. 2011. “Body size, skeletal biomechanics, mobility and habitual activity from the Late Palaeolithic to the Mid-Dynastic Nile Valley,” Human Bioarchaeology of the Transition to Agriculture (Ed. R. Pinhasi/J. T. Stock), New York, Wiley-Blackwell: 347–367.
  • STOCK, J./ MACINTOSH, A. A. 2016. “Lower limb biomechanics and habitual mobility among Mid-Holocene populations of the Cis-Baikal,” Quaternary International 405:200-209.
  • ŞAHİN, A. 2017. Resuloğlu İskeletlerinde Diş Varyasyonları (İstanbul Üniversitesi, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), İstanbul.
  • ŞAHİN, A./ ATAMTÜRK, D./ DUYAR, İ. 2018. “Resuloğlu Erken Tunç Çağı iskeletlerinde diş varyasyonları,” Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 33(1):117-130.
  • TIMOSHENKO, S./ GERE, J. M. 1972. Mechanics of Materials, New York Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  • TRINKAUS, E./ CHURCHILL, S./ RUFF, C. B. 1994. “Postcranial robusticity in Homo, II: humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93:1–34.
  • TRINKAUS, E./ CHRISTOPHER, B. 1999. “Diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry of Near Eastern Middle Palaeolithic humans: the femur,” Journal of Archaeological Science 26:409-424.
  • YILDIRIM, T. 2006. “An early Bronze Age cemetery at Resuloğlu, near Uğurludağ, Çorum. A preliminary report of the archaeological work carried out between years 2003-2005,” Anatolia Antiqua 14:1-14.
  • YILDIRIM, T./ EDİZ, İ. 2005. “2003 yılı Resuloğlu mezarlık kazısı,” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 26(2):193-202.
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Physical Activity and Mobility in the Early Bronze Age: Cross-Sectional Geometric Analysis of Long Bones from Resuloğlu (Çorum) Skeletons

Year 2023, Issue: 32, 97 - 112, 01.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1146857

Abstract

Introduction: In recent years, significant developments have been made to reveal people’s activity styles and subsistence patterns based on organic remains found in archaeological sites. In this sense, examining the cross-sectional properties (geometry) of long bones has made important contributions to understanding skeletal variations and past human population behavior.

Objective: This study examines the cross-sectional geometric properties of long bones of Resuloğlu (Çorum, northern Central Anatolia) Early Bronze Age (EBA III) people and aims to reveal overall skeletal robusticity, mobility, the level of activity, and sexual division of labor.

Material and method: The cross-sectional geometric analysis was applied to 36 long bones, 13 femora, 19 humeri, and 4 tibiae. Section images of long bone diaphysis were taken by computed tomography. Cross-sectional ability to resist compression-tension (CA), polar section modulus (Zp), and polar second moment of area (J) were calculated.
Results: Our study shows that the load especially has an impact on the lower limb bones of Resuloğlu EBA people. The investigated cross-sectional geometric parameters illustrate that the level of mechanical stress for males is higher than for females, suggesting the differing amounts of physical demands. Compared with other prehistoric societies, increased femoral midshaft polar section modulus (Zp) in Resuloğlu males indicates higher torsional/average bending strength. The torsional and average bending rigidity of the upper limbs is also higher in males, but the sexual difference in the upper limbs was not as pronounced as in the lower limbs.
Conclusion: Compared to other prehistoric societies, higher torsional/average bending strength in the femur and rigidity in tibiae results can be associated with the rough terrain and differed levels of labor intensity. The settlement is located on rough terrain and in geography dominated by steep slopes, which is assumed to be an essential factor that increases the torsional/average bending strength. In addition, the fact that the people of the Resuloğlu site continued to adopt an agro-pastoral lifestyle might also contribute to the emergence of this pattern.

Project Number

29130

References

  • ARICAN, E./ DUYAR, İ./ ATAMTÜRK, D./ YILDIRIM, T. 2018. “Resuloğlu (Çorum) kazısından çıkarılan insan iskeletlerinin cinsiyetlerinin moleküler teknikler kullanılarak belirlenmesi,” Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 33(2):37-44.
  • ARIKAN, B./ YILDIRIM, T. 2018. “Paleoclimate, geology, geomorphology, and Middle Holocene settlement systems in the Delice Valley of North-Central Anatolia,” Journal of Field Archaeology 43(8):570-590.
  • ATAMTÜRK, D./ DUYAR, İ. 2009. “Resuloğlu (Uğurludağ, Çorum) iskeletlerinin antropolojik analizi,” Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 25:311-328.
  • ATAMTÜRK, D./ DUYAR, İ. 2010. “Resuloğlu Erken Tunç Çağı topluluğunda ağız ve diş sağlığı,” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 27(1):33-52.
  • AUERBACH, B. M./ RUFF, C. B. 2004. “Human body mass estimation: a comparison of morphometric and mechanical methods,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 125:331-342.
  • AUERBACH, B. M./ RUFF, C.B. 2006. “Limb bone bilateral asymmetry: variability and commonality among modern humans,” Journal of Human Evolution 50:203-218.
  • BOZDAGER, E. 2016. Mukavemet Ders Notları, İstanbul: İTÜ Makine Mühendisliği Fakültesi.
  • CARTER, D. R./ BEAUPRE, G. S. 2001. Skeletal Function and Form, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • CHURCHILL, S. E. 1994. Human Upper Body Evolution in the Eurasian Later Pleistocene (The University of New Mexico, Unpublished PhD Thesis), Albuquerque, New Mexico.
  • CHURCHILL, S. E./ FORMICOLA, V. 1997. “A case of marked bilateral asymmetry in the upper limbs of an Upper Paleolithic male from Barma Grande, Italy,” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7:18-38.
  • DARDENİZ, G./ YILDIRIM, T. Metal consumption of a middle-range society in the late 3rd millennium BC Anatolia: a new socioeconomic approach. Plos One 17(6):e0269189.
  • DOBSON, S. D./ TRINKAUS, E. 2002. “Cross-sectional geometry and morphology of the mandibular symphysis in Middle and Late Pleistocene Homo,” Journal of Human Evolution 43:67–87.
  • DUYAR, İ./ ATAMTÜRK, D. 2011. “Erken Tunç Çağında Orta Anadolu’da ölü gömme âdeti, sağlık yapısı ve yaşam biçimi: Resuloğlu örneği,” Çorum Kazı ve Araştırmalar Sempozyumu 1:29-41.
  • GRINE, F./ JUNGERS, W./ TOBIAS, P. V./ PEARSON, O. M. 1995. “Fossil Homo femur from Berg Aukas, northern Namibia,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 97:151-185.
  • GÜNER, C./ ALIYEV, V./ ATAMTÜRK, D./ DUYAR, İ./ SÖYLEMEZOĞLU, T. 2011. “Retention of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and as on human bones unearthed at a Central Anatolian Early Bronze Age excavation site (Resuloğlu, Turkey),” Eurasian Journal of Anthropology 2(1):27-39.
  • HOLT, B. M. 2003. “Mobility in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe: evidence from the lower limb,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 122:200-381.
  • LARSEN, C. S. 1995. “Biological changes in human populations with agriculture,” Annual Review of Anthropology 24:185-213.
  • LARSEN, C. S. 2002. “Bioarchaeology: the lives and lifestyles of past people,” Journal of Archaeological Research 10:119-166.
  • LARSEN, C. S./ HILLSON, S. W./ RUFF, C. B./ SADVARI, J. W./ GAROFALO, E. M. 2013. “The human remains II: interpreting lifestyle and activity in Neolithic Çatalhöyük,” Human and Landscapes of Çatalhöyük (Ed. I. Hodder), Cotsen Institute of Archaeology/British Institute at Ankara: 397-412.
  • LOVEJOY, O. C./ BURSTEIN, A. H./ HEIPLE, K. G. 1976. “The biomechanical analysis of bone strength: a method and its application to platycnemia,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 44:489-506.
  • MARCHI, D./ SPARACELLO, V. S./ HOLT, B./ FORMICOLA, V. 2006. “Biomechanical approach to the reconstruction of activity patterns in Neolithic Western Liguria, Italy,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131:447-455.
  • MARCHI, D. 2008. “Relationships between lower limb cross-sectional geometry and mobility: the case of a Neolithic sample from Italy,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137:188–200.
  • McHENRY, H. 1992. “Body size and proportions in early hominids,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 87:407-431.
  • OGILVIE, M. D./ HILTON, C. E. 2011. “Cross-sectional geometry in the humeri of foragers and farmers from the prehispanic American Southwest: exploring patterns in the sexual division of labor,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144:11–21.
  • RUFF, C. B. 1987. “Sexual dimorphism in human lower limb bone structure: relationship to subsistence strategy and sexual division of labor,” Journal of Human Evolution 16:391-416.
  • RUFF, C. B. 2000. “Body size, body shape, and long bone strength in modern humans,” Journal of Human Evolution 38:269-290.
  • RUFF, C. B. 2005. “Mechanical determinants of bone form: insights from skeletal remains,” Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions 5:202-212.
  • RUFF, C. B. 2008. “Biomechanical analyses of archaeological human skeletons,” Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, (Ed. M. A. Katzenberg/S.R. Saunders), Hoboken, New Jersey: 183-206.
  • RUFF, C. B. 2019. “Biomechanical analyses of archaeological human skeleton,” Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, (3rd ed.), (Ed. M.A. Katzenberg/A. L.), Hoboken, New Jersey:189-224.
  • RUFF, C./ HAYES, B./ WILSON, C. 1983. “Cross sectional geometry of Pecos-Pueblo femora and tibiae—A biomechanical investigation,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 60:359-381.
  • RUFF, C./ JONES, H. H. 1981. “Bilateral asymmetry in cortical bone of the humerus and tibia—sex and age factors,” Human Biology 53:69-86.
  • RUFF, C. B./ LARSEN, C. S./ HAYES, W. C. 1984. “Structural changes in the femur with the transition to agriculture on the Georgia Coast,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64:125-136.
  • RUFF, C. B./ SCOTT, W. W./ LIU, A. Y. 1991. “Articular and diaphyseal remodeling of proximal femur with changes in body mass in adults,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86:397-413.
  • RUFF, C. B./ TRINKAUS, E./ WALKER, A./ LARSEN, C. S. 1993. “Postcranial robusticity in Homo: I temporal trends and mechanical interpretation,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9:21-53.
  • RUFF, C. B./ HOLT, B. M./ SLADEK, V. 2006. “Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean Iceman,” Journal of Human Evolution 51:91-101.
  • SHIGHLEY, J. F. 1976. Applied Mechanics of Materials, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • SHAW, C. N./ STOCK, J. T. 2009. “Intensity, repetitiveness, and directionality of habitual adolescent mobility patterns influence the tibial diaphysis morphology of athletes,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140:149-159.
  • SİPAHİ, T./ YILDIRIM, T. 2000. “1998 yılı Çorum bölgesi yüzey araştırması,” Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 17(2):31-40.
  • SLADEK, V./ BERNER, M./ SAILER, R. 2006. “Mobility in Central European Late Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age: tibial cross-sectional geometry,” Journal of Archaeological Science 33:470-482.
  • STOCK, J./ PFEIFFER, S. 2001. “Linking structural variability in long bone diaphyses to habitual behaviors: foragers from the Southern African Later Stone Age and the Andaman Islands,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115:337-348.
  • STOCK, J. T./ PFEIFFER S. K. 2004. “Long bone robusticity and subsistence behavior among Later Stone Age foragers of the forest and fynbos biomes of South Africa,” Journal of Archaeological Science 31:999–1013.
  • STOCK, J. T./ O’NEILL, M. C./ RUFF, C. B./ ZABECKI, M./ SHACKELFORD, L./ ROSE, J. C. 2011. “Body size, skeletal biomechanics, mobility and habitual activity from the Late Palaeolithic to the Mid-Dynastic Nile Valley,” Human Bioarchaeology of the Transition to Agriculture (Ed. R. Pinhasi/J. T. Stock), New York, Wiley-Blackwell: 347–367.
  • STOCK, J./ MACINTOSH, A. A. 2016. “Lower limb biomechanics and habitual mobility among Mid-Holocene populations of the Cis-Baikal,” Quaternary International 405:200-209.
  • ŞAHİN, A. 2017. Resuloğlu İskeletlerinde Diş Varyasyonları (İstanbul Üniversitesi, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), İstanbul.
  • ŞAHİN, A./ ATAMTÜRK, D./ DUYAR, İ. 2018. “Resuloğlu Erken Tunç Çağı iskeletlerinde diş varyasyonları,” Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 33(1):117-130.
  • TIMOSHENKO, S./ GERE, J. M. 1972. Mechanics of Materials, New York Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  • TRINKAUS, E./ CHURCHILL, S./ RUFF, C. B. 1994. “Postcranial robusticity in Homo, II: humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93:1–34.
  • TRINKAUS, E./ CHRISTOPHER, B. 1999. “Diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry of Near Eastern Middle Palaeolithic humans: the femur,” Journal of Archaeological Science 26:409-424.
  • YILDIRIM, T. 2006. “An early Bronze Age cemetery at Resuloğlu, near Uğurludağ, Çorum. A preliminary report of the archaeological work carried out between years 2003-2005,” Anatolia Antiqua 14:1-14.
  • YILDIRIM, T./ EDİZ, İ. 2005. “2003 yılı Resuloğlu mezarlık kazısı,” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 26(2):193-202.
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Belkıs Abufaur 0000-0002-1368-5809

Derya Atamtürk Duyar 0000-0002-4819-7768

Ayşegül Şahin 0000-0003-4593-3640

İzzet Duyar 0000-0002-4578-0528

Project Number 29130
Early Pub Date August 9, 2023
Publication Date August 1, 2023
Submission Date July 22, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 32

Cite

APA Abufaur, B., Atamtürk Duyar, D., Şahin, A., Duyar, İ. (2023). Erken Tunç Çağında Fiziksel Aktivite ve Mobilite: Resuloğlu (Çorum) İskeletlerine Ait Uzun Kemiklerin Kesitsel Geometrik Analizi. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi(32), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1146857
AMA Abufaur B, Atamtürk Duyar D, Şahin A, Duyar İ. Erken Tunç Çağında Fiziksel Aktivite ve Mobilite: Resuloğlu (Çorum) İskeletlerine Ait Uzun Kemiklerin Kesitsel Geometrik Analizi. TÜBA-AR. August 2023;(32):97-112. doi:10.22520/tubaar.1146857
Chicago Abufaur, Belkıs, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Ayşegül Şahin, and İzzet Duyar. “Erken Tunç Çağında Fiziksel Aktivite Ve Mobilite: Resuloğlu (Çorum) İskeletlerine Ait Uzun Kemiklerin Kesitsel Geometrik Analizi”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 32 (August 2023): 97-112. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1146857.
EndNote Abufaur B, Atamtürk Duyar D, Şahin A, Duyar İ (August 1, 2023) Erken Tunç Çağında Fiziksel Aktivite ve Mobilite: Resuloğlu (Çorum) İskeletlerine Ait Uzun Kemiklerin Kesitsel Geometrik Analizi. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 32 97–112.
IEEE B. Abufaur, D. Atamtürk Duyar, A. Şahin, and İ. Duyar, “Erken Tunç Çağında Fiziksel Aktivite ve Mobilite: Resuloğlu (Çorum) İskeletlerine Ait Uzun Kemiklerin Kesitsel Geometrik Analizi”, TÜBA-AR, no. 32, pp. 97–112, August 2023, doi: 10.22520/tubaar.1146857.
ISNAD Abufaur, Belkıs et al. “Erken Tunç Çağında Fiziksel Aktivite Ve Mobilite: Resuloğlu (Çorum) İskeletlerine Ait Uzun Kemiklerin Kesitsel Geometrik Analizi”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 32 (August 2023), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1146857.
JAMA Abufaur B, Atamtürk Duyar D, Şahin A, Duyar İ. Erken Tunç Çağında Fiziksel Aktivite ve Mobilite: Resuloğlu (Çorum) İskeletlerine Ait Uzun Kemiklerin Kesitsel Geometrik Analizi. TÜBA-AR. 2023;:97–112.
MLA Abufaur, Belkıs et al. “Erken Tunç Çağında Fiziksel Aktivite Ve Mobilite: Resuloğlu (Çorum) İskeletlerine Ait Uzun Kemiklerin Kesitsel Geometrik Analizi”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 32, 2023, pp. 97-112, doi:10.22520/tubaar.1146857.
Vancouver Abufaur B, Atamtürk Duyar D, Şahin A, Duyar İ. Erken Tunç Çağında Fiziksel Aktivite ve Mobilite: Resuloğlu (Çorum) İskeletlerine Ait Uzun Kemiklerin Kesitsel Geometrik Analizi. TÜBA-AR. 2023(32):97-112.

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