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THE NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 12, 309 - 334, 26.12.2019

Öz

International system has been facing a plethora of challenges
at the beginning of the 21st century. Climate change and migration are among
the crucial problems threatening the integrity of the system. Moreover,
environmental and humanitarian crisis have been triggered due to the global and
transboundary effects of climate change and migration.  This study argues that the nexus of climate
change and migration is one great issue that requires the state to adopt a new governance
approach to tackle with these problems. In this context, the study focuses on the
different terms used in migration literature and the conceptualisation of interrelation
between migration and climate change. The study aims to reveal vital problems
by examining some hotspots where the migration flows happen as a result of
climate change and impacts. However, the study considers the potential positive
effects of migration, as well. It is argued that for the state to
respond to the crises caused by the climate change induced migration, it should
adapt itself to the new conditions. This study defends that the state should
take more responsibility to mitigate the core impacts of climate change and it
should also integrate the civil society into the decision-making process
without excluding the migrants.

Kaynakça

  • Atvur, S. & Uysal Oğuz, C. (2018). The Paris Agreement: Climate Politics of Global Actors, Ö. Kalkan Küçüksolak and A.M. Yıldız (Ed.), in Current Debates in International Relations & Law (pp. 11-24). London: IJOPEG Publication.
  • Baldwin, A. (2012). Orientalising environmental citizenship: climate change, migration and the potentiality of race. Citizenship Studies. 16 (5-6). pp. 625-640.
  • Bates, D. (2002). Environmental Refugees? Classifying Human Migrations Caused by Environmental Change. Population and Environment. 23 (5). pp. 465-477.
  • Betts, A. (2009). Forced Migration and Global Politics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Biermann, F. & Boas, I. (2008). Protecting Climate Refugees: The Case for a Global Protocol. Environment. Retrieved from http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/November-December%202008/Biermann-Boas-full.html (27.06.2018).
  • Biswas, S. (2002). W(h)ither the Nation-state? National and State Identity in the Face of Fragmentation and Globalisation. Global Society. 16 (2). pp. 175-198.
  • Black, R. et al. (2011). Climate Change: Migration as adaptation. Nature. 478. pp. 447-449. Retrieved from https://nature.com/articles/478477a (27.06.2018).
  • CARIAA (2018), Migration in Climate Change Hotspots: Opportuntities and Challenges for Adaptation. Retrieved from https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/56871/IDL-56871.pdf?sequence= 2&isAllowed=y (27.06.2018).
  • Castles S. & Miller, M.J. (2009). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World (4th edition). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Castles, S. (2002). Environmental change and forced migration: making sense of the debate New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper 70. UNHCR.
  • De Châtel, F. (2014). The Role of Drought and Climate Change in the Syrian Uprising: Untangling the Triggers of the Revolution. Middle Eastern Studies. 50 (4). pp. 521-535.
  • Dun. O. & Gemenne, F. (2008). Defining ‘environmental migration’. Forced Migration Review. 31. pp. 10-11.
  • Easton, D. (1965). A Framework for Political Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Eckersley, R. (2004). The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
  • El-Hinnawi, E. (1985). Environmental Refugees. Nairobi: UNEP.
  • Environmental Migration Portal (n.d.). Human Mobility in the UNFCCC. Retrieved from https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/human-mobility-unfccc (25.06.2019).
  • Foresight (2011). Migration and Global Environmental Change Final Project Report. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287717/11-1116-migration-and-global-environmental-change.pdf (28.06.2018). Haque, N. (2009, 7 December). The 'ground zero' of climate change. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/focus/climatesos/2009/10/2009101011512667509.html (26.06.2019).
  • Homer-Dixon, T.F. (1999). Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • IMO (2014). IOM Outlook on Migration, Environment and Climate Change. Retrieved from http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mecc_outlook.pdf (25.06.2019).
  • International Centre for Environmental Management (2010). Climate Change Baseline Assessment Working Paper. Retrieved from http://www.mrcmekong.org/assets/Publications/Consultations/SEA-Hydropower/7-Climate-change-baseline-assessment.pdf (27.06.2018).
  • Ionesco, D. (2015). COP21 Paris Agreement: A Stepping Stone for Climate Migrants. Retrieved from https://weblog.iom.int/cop21-paris-agreement-stepping-stone-climate-migrants (26.06.2019).
  • IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC.
  • Jacobson, C. et al. (2017). Community Resilience Assessment to Support Climate Change Adaptation in Cambodia and Viet Nam. APN Science Bulletin. Retrieved from https://www.apn-gcr.org/bulletin/article/community-resillience_assessment-to-support-climate-change-adaptation-in-cambodia-and-viet-nam/ (27.06.2018).
  • Kelley, C.P. (2015). Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (11). pp. 3241-3246.
  • Keohane, R.O. & Oppenheimer, M. (2016). Paris: Beyond the Climate Dead End through Pledge and Review?. Politics and Governance. 4 (3). pp. 142-151.
  • Latta, A. (2007). Locating democratic politics in ecological citizenship. Environmental Politics. 16 (3). pp. 377-393.
  • Lonergan, S. (1998). The Role of Environmental Degradation in Population Displacement. Environmental Change and Security Project Report. 4. pp. 5-15.
  • Marshall, N. (2016). Forced Environmental Migration: Ethical Considerations for Emerging Migration Policy. Ethics, Policy& Environment. 19 (1). pp. 1-18.
  • McAdam, J. (2011). Climate Change and Displacement and International Law: Complementary Protection Standards. UNHCR. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/4dff16e99.pdf (27.06.2018).
  • Myers, N. (2002). Environmental Refugees: A Growing Phenomenon of the 21st Century. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 357 (1420). pp. 609-613.
  • Newland, K. (2011). Climate Change and Migration Dynamics. Washington D.C.: Migration Policy Institute.
  • Osmose, https://www.osmosetonlesap.net/english/accueil.php (28.06.2018).
  • Parnell, S. & Walawege, R. (2011). Sub-Saharan African Urbanisation and Global Environmental Change. Global Environmental Change. 215. pp. 12-20.
  • Piguet, E. (2008). Climate Change and Forced Migration. New Issues in Refugee Research – Research Paper No. 153. Geneva: UNHCR.
  • Poggi, G. (1978). The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
  • Rigaud. K. et al. (2018). Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
  • Sassen, S. (2006). Citizenship and Incorporation Regimes. Bodemann, Y. and G. Yurdakul (eds.), in Migration, Citizenship and Etnos (pp. 13-33), London: Macmillan. Sassoon, A. M. (2017). The Point of No Return. The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved from https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national-post-depth/cambodias-most-important-ecosystem-tonle-sap-crisis-damage-past-point-no-return (28.06.2018).
  • Stone, C. D. (2004). Common but Differentiated Responsibilities in International Law. The American Journal of International Law 98(2). 276-301. Turco, M., Palazzi, E., von Hardenberg, J. & Provenzale, A. (2015). Observed Climate Change Hot-spots. Geophysical Research Letters. 42(9). pp. 3521-3528.
  • UNFCCC (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf (25.06.2019).
  • UNHCR (2019). Syria Refugee Crisis Explained. Retrieved from https://www.unrefugees.org/news/syria-refugee-crisis-explained/ (25.06.2019).
  • Warner, K. (2010). Global Environmental Change and Migration: Governance Challenges. Global Environmental Change. 20. pp. 402-413.
  • White, G. (2011). Climate Change and Migration: Security and Borders in a Warming World. London: Oxford University Press.

THE NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 12, 309 - 334, 26.12.2019

Öz

International system has been facing a plethora of
challenges since the beginning of the 21st century. Climate change and
migration are among the crucial problems threatening the integrity of the
system. Moreover, environmental and humanitarian crises have been triggered due
to the global and transboundary effects of climate change and migration. This
study argues that the nexus of climate change and migration is one great issue
that requires the state to adopt a new governance approach to tackle with these
problems. In this context, the study focuses on the different terms used in
migration literature and the conceptualization of interrelation between
migration and climate change with a descriptive method. The study aims to
reveal vital problems by examining some hotspots where the migration flows
happen as a result of climate change and its impacts. However, the study
considers the potential positive effects of migration, as well. It is argued
that for the state to respond to the crises caused by the climate
change-induced migration, it should adapt itself to the new conditions. This
study provides a normative approach that the state should take more
responsibility to mitigate the core impacts of climate change and it should
also integrate the civil society into the decision-making process without
excluding the migrants.

Kaynakça

  • Atvur, S. & Uysal Oğuz, C. (2018). The Paris Agreement: Climate Politics of Global Actors, Ö. Kalkan Küçüksolak and A.M. Yıldız (Ed.), in Current Debates in International Relations & Law (pp. 11-24). London: IJOPEG Publication.
  • Baldwin, A. (2012). Orientalising environmental citizenship: climate change, migration and the potentiality of race. Citizenship Studies. 16 (5-6). pp. 625-640.
  • Bates, D. (2002). Environmental Refugees? Classifying Human Migrations Caused by Environmental Change. Population and Environment. 23 (5). pp. 465-477.
  • Betts, A. (2009). Forced Migration and Global Politics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Biermann, F. & Boas, I. (2008). Protecting Climate Refugees: The Case for a Global Protocol. Environment. Retrieved from http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/November-December%202008/Biermann-Boas-full.html (27.06.2018).
  • Biswas, S. (2002). W(h)ither the Nation-state? National and State Identity in the Face of Fragmentation and Globalisation. Global Society. 16 (2). pp. 175-198.
  • Black, R. et al. (2011). Climate Change: Migration as adaptation. Nature. 478. pp. 447-449. Retrieved from https://nature.com/articles/478477a (27.06.2018).
  • CARIAA (2018), Migration in Climate Change Hotspots: Opportuntities and Challenges for Adaptation. Retrieved from https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/56871/IDL-56871.pdf?sequence= 2&isAllowed=y (27.06.2018).
  • Castles S. & Miller, M.J. (2009). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World (4th edition). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Castles, S. (2002). Environmental change and forced migration: making sense of the debate New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper 70. UNHCR.
  • De Châtel, F. (2014). The Role of Drought and Climate Change in the Syrian Uprising: Untangling the Triggers of the Revolution. Middle Eastern Studies. 50 (4). pp. 521-535.
  • Dun. O. & Gemenne, F. (2008). Defining ‘environmental migration’. Forced Migration Review. 31. pp. 10-11.
  • Easton, D. (1965). A Framework for Political Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Eckersley, R. (2004). The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
  • El-Hinnawi, E. (1985). Environmental Refugees. Nairobi: UNEP.
  • Environmental Migration Portal (n.d.). Human Mobility in the UNFCCC. Retrieved from https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/human-mobility-unfccc (25.06.2019).
  • Foresight (2011). Migration and Global Environmental Change Final Project Report. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287717/11-1116-migration-and-global-environmental-change.pdf (28.06.2018). Haque, N. (2009, 7 December). The 'ground zero' of climate change. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/focus/climatesos/2009/10/2009101011512667509.html (26.06.2019).
  • Homer-Dixon, T.F. (1999). Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • IMO (2014). IOM Outlook on Migration, Environment and Climate Change. Retrieved from http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mecc_outlook.pdf (25.06.2019).
  • International Centre for Environmental Management (2010). Climate Change Baseline Assessment Working Paper. Retrieved from http://www.mrcmekong.org/assets/Publications/Consultations/SEA-Hydropower/7-Climate-change-baseline-assessment.pdf (27.06.2018).
  • Ionesco, D. (2015). COP21 Paris Agreement: A Stepping Stone for Climate Migrants. Retrieved from https://weblog.iom.int/cop21-paris-agreement-stepping-stone-climate-migrants (26.06.2019).
  • IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC.
  • Jacobson, C. et al. (2017). Community Resilience Assessment to Support Climate Change Adaptation in Cambodia and Viet Nam. APN Science Bulletin. Retrieved from https://www.apn-gcr.org/bulletin/article/community-resillience_assessment-to-support-climate-change-adaptation-in-cambodia-and-viet-nam/ (27.06.2018).
  • Kelley, C.P. (2015). Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (11). pp. 3241-3246.
  • Keohane, R.O. & Oppenheimer, M. (2016). Paris: Beyond the Climate Dead End through Pledge and Review?. Politics and Governance. 4 (3). pp. 142-151.
  • Latta, A. (2007). Locating democratic politics in ecological citizenship. Environmental Politics. 16 (3). pp. 377-393.
  • Lonergan, S. (1998). The Role of Environmental Degradation in Population Displacement. Environmental Change and Security Project Report. 4. pp. 5-15.
  • Marshall, N. (2016). Forced Environmental Migration: Ethical Considerations for Emerging Migration Policy. Ethics, Policy& Environment. 19 (1). pp. 1-18.
  • McAdam, J. (2011). Climate Change and Displacement and International Law: Complementary Protection Standards. UNHCR. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/4dff16e99.pdf (27.06.2018).
  • Myers, N. (2002). Environmental Refugees: A Growing Phenomenon of the 21st Century. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 357 (1420). pp. 609-613.
  • Newland, K. (2011). Climate Change and Migration Dynamics. Washington D.C.: Migration Policy Institute.
  • Osmose, https://www.osmosetonlesap.net/english/accueil.php (28.06.2018).
  • Parnell, S. & Walawege, R. (2011). Sub-Saharan African Urbanisation and Global Environmental Change. Global Environmental Change. 215. pp. 12-20.
  • Piguet, E. (2008). Climate Change and Forced Migration. New Issues in Refugee Research – Research Paper No. 153. Geneva: UNHCR.
  • Poggi, G. (1978). The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
  • Rigaud. K. et al. (2018). Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
  • Sassen, S. (2006). Citizenship and Incorporation Regimes. Bodemann, Y. and G. Yurdakul (eds.), in Migration, Citizenship and Etnos (pp. 13-33), London: Macmillan. Sassoon, A. M. (2017). The Point of No Return. The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved from https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national-post-depth/cambodias-most-important-ecosystem-tonle-sap-crisis-damage-past-point-no-return (28.06.2018).
  • Stone, C. D. (2004). Common but Differentiated Responsibilities in International Law. The American Journal of International Law 98(2). 276-301. Turco, M., Palazzi, E., von Hardenberg, J. & Provenzale, A. (2015). Observed Climate Change Hot-spots. Geophysical Research Letters. 42(9). pp. 3521-3528.
  • UNFCCC (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf (25.06.2019).
  • UNHCR (2019). Syria Refugee Crisis Explained. Retrieved from https://www.unrefugees.org/news/syria-refugee-crisis-explained/ (25.06.2019).
  • Warner, K. (2010). Global Environmental Change and Migration: Governance Challenges. Global Environmental Change. 20. pp. 402-413.
  • White, G. (2011). Climate Change and Migration: Security and Borders in a Warming World. London: Oxford University Press.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Tüm Sayı
Yazarlar

Sanem Özer 0000-0003-4182-5335

Senem Atvur

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ağustos 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA Özer, S., & Atvur, S. (2019). THE NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 6(12), 309-334.
AMA Özer S, Atvur S. THE NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION. Akademik Hassasiyetler. Aralık 2019;6(12):309-334.
Chicago Özer, Sanem, ve Senem Atvur. “THE NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 6, sy. 12 (Aralık 2019): 309-34.
EndNote Özer S, Atvur S (01 Aralık 2019) THE NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION. Akademik Hassasiyetler 6 12 309–334.
IEEE S. Özer ve S. Atvur, “THE NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 6, sy. 12, ss. 309–334, 2019.
ISNAD Özer, Sanem - Atvur, Senem. “THE NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 6/12 (Aralık 2019), 309-334.
JAMA Özer S, Atvur S. THE NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2019;6:309–334.
MLA Özer, Sanem ve Senem Atvur. “THE NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION”. Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 6, sy. 12, 2019, ss. 309-34.
Vancouver Özer S, Atvur S. THE NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2019;6(12):309-34.

MAKALE DEĞERLENDİRME SÜRECİ

Yazar tarafından gönderilen bir makale, gönderim tarihinden itibaren 10 gün içinde dergi sekreteri tarafından makalenin, telif sözleşmesinin ve benzerlik raporunun (Turnitin programı) eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden incelenir. İstenilen bu dosyalar eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilmiş ise makale; ikinci aşamada derginin yayın çizgisine uygun olup olmadığı yönünden değerlendirilir. Bu süreçte makale yayın çizgisine uygun değilse yazara iade edilir. Makale yayın çizgisine uygun ise şablona uygun bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden değerlendirilir. Şayet makale şablona uyarlanıp gönderilmemiş ise değerlendirme sürecine alınmaz. Bu süreçte yazarın derginin belirlediği şartlara uygun bir şekilde sisteme makale yüklemesi beklenir. Makale şablona uygun bir şekilde hazırlanıp gönderilmiş ise son aşamada makale derginin yayın ilkeleri, yazım kuralları, öz, abstract, extented abstract, kaynakça gösterimi vb. yönlerden incelenir. Bu ayrıntılarda makalede bir sorun varsa yazarın bu hususları tamamlaması istenir ve verilen süre içerisinde eksiksiz bir şekilde yeniden makaleyi göndermesi istenir.
Tüm bu aşamaları geçen makale, editör tarafından bilimsel yeterliliğinin denetlenmesi amacıyla ikinci 7 günlük süre içerisinde çalışmaya uygun iki hakeme değerlendirmeleri için gönderilir. Hakemlerin değerlendirme süreleri 15 gündür. Bu süre zarfında hakemlik görevini tamamlamayan bir hakem olursa ilgili hakeme değerlendirmeyi tamamlaması için 7 günlük ek süre verilebilir. Bu süre zarfında hakem görevini yerine getirmezse yerine yeni bir hakem ataması yapılır. En az iki hakemden gelen raporlar olumlu ise makale yayın aşamasına alınır. Hakem raporlarından birisi olumlu diğeri olumsuz ise makale üçüncü bir hakeme gönderilir. Üçüncü hakem raporu da olumsuz ise makale ret edilir. Üçüncü hakemin değerlendirmesi olumlu ise makaleyle ilgili hakem raporları dergi alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından incelenir. Makalenin yayınlanmasıyla ilgili nihai karar alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Hakem raporlarının yetersiz ve tatmin etmekten uzak olması veya İngilizce editör tarafından abstract ve extented abstract’ın yetersiz görülmesi hallerinde de yine makaleyle ilgili son karar Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Tüm bu aşamalardan geçen bir makale en yakın sayıya yayınlanmak üzere eklenir. İlgili sayıda yer kalmaması halinde makalenin yayımı bir sonraki sayıya kaydırılır. Bu durumda ve tüm değerlendirme sürecinde yazar isterse makalesini geri çekme hakkına sahiptir. Ancak bu durumu dergiye bildirmesi gerekir. Makale gönderim tarihinden makalenin yayına kabul tarihine kadar tüm bu işlemler için ortalama 3 aylık bir süre öngörülmektedir.