Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Erken Modern Dönemde İngiltere'de Cadılık ve Macbeth'in Cadıları

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 11, 239 - 258, 21.06.2022

Öz

14. yüzyıla kadar Katolik Kilisesi cadılığı ve cadılara inancı illüzyon olarak nitelendirmiştir. Kilise’nin bu yaklaşımı 14. yüzyılda değişmiş, Kilise cadılığın gerçek olduğu ve cadıların faaliyetlerinin sonuç ürettiği yönündeki görüşü benimsemiştir. Katolik Kilisesi'nin cadılığa yaklaşımındaki bu değişim Avrupa'da cadı avının başlamasına neden olmuş, 16. yüzyılda Protestan reformasyon sürecinin başlamasıyla da cadı avı yaygınlaşmış ve şiddetlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla Avrupa’da 14. ve 17. yüzyıllar arasındaki tarihsel döneme cadı avı damgasını vurmuştur. İngiltere'deki cadı avı ise, ülkeye özgü koşullar nedeniyle, Kıta Avrupası’nda olduğu kadar yaygın ve şiddetli olmamıştır. Ancak Kraliçe I. Elizabeth ve Kral VI(I). James dönemlerinde İngiltere'de cadı avında artış yaşanmıştır. Shakespeare Macbeth adlı eserini Kıta Avrupası’nda ve İngiltere’de cadı avının arttığı koşullarda yazmıştır. Macbeth İskoç beyi Macbeth'in güç arzusu ile tahtı gasp etmesini ve tahtan indirilişini anlatmaktadır ama Macbeth’deki anahtar rol cadılara aittir. Bu makalenin amacı İngiltere’de cadı avının Avrupa’nın diğer bölgelerindeki kadar şiddetli olmamasının nedenlerinden birini teşkil eden cadılığa ve cadılara atfedilen anlamın Kıta Avrupası’ndan nasıl farklılaştığını analiz etmek ve bu analiz kapsamında Macbeth'deki cadıların cadılık olgusunu ne şekilde temsil ettiğini tartışmaktır; bu tartışma Macbeth’in cadılarının İngiltere'den mi yoksa Kıta Avrupası’ndan mı olduğu konusunda fikir yürütmemize yardımcı olacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, A. ve Gordon, R. (1978). Witchcraft and the Status of Women-The Case of England. The British Journal of Sociology, 29(2), s. 171-184.
  • Bailey, M. D. (2001). From Sorcery to Witchcraft: Clerical Conceptions of Magic in the Later Middle Ages. Speculum, 76(4), s. 960-990.
  • Barstow, A. L. (1988). On Studying Witchcraft as Women’s History: A Historiography of the European Witch Persecutions. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 4(2), s. 7-19.
  • Ben-Yehuda, N. (1980). The European Witch Craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A Sociologist’s Perspective. American Journal of Sociology, 86(1), s. 1-31.
  • Ben-Yehuda, N. (1981). Problems Inherent in Socio-Historical Approaches to the European Witch Craze. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 20 (4), s. 326-338.
  • Calhoun, H. V. (1942). James I and The Witch Scenes in Macbeth. The Shakespeare Association Bulletin, 17(4), s. 184-189.
  • Carthaigh, C. M. (1992/1993). The Ship-Sinking Witch: A Maritime Folk Legend from North-West Europe. Paper Presented at the Nordic-Celtic Legend Symposium, s. 267-286.
  • Currie, E.P. (1968). Crimes without Criminals: Witchcraft and Its Control in Renaissance. Law & Society Review, 3(1), s. 7-32.
  • Curry, W. C. (1933). The Demonic Metaphysics of “Macbeth”. Studies in Philology, 30(3), s. 395-426.
  • Darr, O. A. (2017).Reviewed Work(s): Witchcraft, Witch-Hunting, and Politics in Early Modern England by Peter Elmer. Renaissance Quarterly, 70(4), s. 1576-1578.
  • De Angelis, L. (2019). Witch Hunting 16th and 17th Century England. The Histories, 8(1), s. 1-10.
  • Duni, M. (2009). Reviewed Work(s): The Appearance of Witchcraft: Print and Visual Culture in Sixteenth-Century Europe by Charles Zika. Renaissance Quarterly, 62(4), s. 1271-1273.
  • Garrett, C. (1977). Women and Witches: Patterns of Analysis. Signs, 3(2), s. 461-470.
  • Garrett, J. M. (2013). Witchcraft and Sexual Knowledge in Early Modern England, Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies. 13(1), s. 32-72.
  • Floyd-Wison, M. (2006). English Epicures and Scottish Witches. Shakespeare Quarterly, 57(2), s. 131-161.
  • Hall, D. D. (1985). Witchcraft and the Limits of Interpretation. The New England Quarterly, 58(2), s. 253-281.
  • Horsley, R. A. (1979). Who Were the Witches? The Social Roles of the Accused in the European Witch Trials. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 9(4), s. 689-715.
  • Jones, K. ve Zell, M. (2005). The Divels Speciall Instruments: Women and Witchcraft before the Great Witch-Hunt. Social History, 30(1), s. 45-63.
  • Kittredge, G. L. (1917). A Case of Witchcraft. The American Historical Review, 2(1), s. 1-19.
  • Kranz, D. L. (2003). The Sounds of Supernatural Soliciting in Macbeth. Studies in Philology, 100(3), s. 346-383.
  • Lehmann, H. (1988). The Persecution of Witches as Restoration of Order: The Case of Germany 1590s-1650s. Central European History, 21(2), s. 107-121.
  • MacDonald, M. (1986). Women and Madness in Tudor and Stuart England. Social Research, 53(2), s. 261-281.
  • Mencej, M. (2011). The Role of Gender in Accusations of Witchcraft: The Case of Eastern Slovenia. Cesky lid, 98(4), s. 393-412.
  • Mesaki, S. (1995). The Evoution and Essence of Witchcraft in Pre-Colonial African Societies. Transafrican Journal of History, 24, s. 162-177.
  • Monter, W. (2004). Review:Re-Contextualizing British Witchcraft. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 35(1), s. 105-111.
  • Murray, M.A. (1917). Organisations of Witches in Great Britain. Folklore, 28(3), 228-258.
  • Murray, M. A. (1918). Witches’ Familiars in England. Man, 18, s. 101-104.
  • Oster, E. (2004). Witchcraft, Weather and Economic Growth in Renaissance Europe. The Journal of Economic Perspective, 18(1), s. 215-228.
  • Paxson, J. J. (1997). Theorizing the Mysteries’ End in England, the Artificial Demonic, and the Sixteenth-Century Witch-Craze. Criticism, 39(4), s. 481-502.
  • Robbins, R. H. (1963). The Imposture of Witchcraft. Folklore, 74(4), s. 545-562.
  • Schoeneman, T. J. (1975). The Witch Hunt as a Culture Change Phenomenon. Ethos, 3(4), s. 529-554.
  • Schuyler, J. (1987). The ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ and Baldung’s ‘Witches’ Sabbath. Notes in the History of Art, 6(3), s. 2-26.
  • Shakespeare, W. (2019). Macbeth. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Simpson, J. (1996). Witches and Witchbusters. Folklore, 107, s. 5-18.
  • Smith, P. (1992). A Quantitative Evaluation of Demographic, Gender and Social Transformation Theories of the Rise of European Witch Hunting 1300-1500. Historical Social Research, 17(4), s. 99-127.
  • Spoto, S. I. (2010). Jacobean Witchcraft and Feminine Power. Pacific Coast Philology, 45, s. 53-70.
  • Stoyle, M. (2011). It Is But an Olde Wytche Gonne: Prosecution and Execution for Witchcraft in Exeter, 1558-1610. History, 96(2), s. 129-151.
  • Suhr, C. (2012). Publishing for the Masses: Early Modern English Witchcraft Pamphlets. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 113(1), s. 118-121.
  • Tomarken, E. (1984). The Witches in Macbeth: Samuel Johnson’s Notion of Selective Empathy. CEA Critic, 47(1/2), s. 78-89.
  • Tonge, M. (1932). Black Magic and Miracles in Macbeth. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 31(2), s. 234-246.
  • Vanysacker, D. (2010). Reviewed Work(s): Witchcraft and the Act of 1604 (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions 131) by John Newton and Jo Bath. Church History and Religious Culture, 90(4), s. 697-699.
  • Willis, D. (2013). The Witch-Family in Elizabethan and Jocobean Print Culture. Journal of Early Modern Cultural Studies, 13(1), s. 4-31.

WITCHCRAFT IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND AND THE WITCHES IN MACBETH

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 11, 239 - 258, 21.06.2022

Öz

Until the 14th century, the Catholic Church considered witchcraft and belief in witches as an illusion. But the position of the Catholic Church evolved to the point where witchcraft was not an illusion and witches had actual powers. The Catholic Church’s new attitude to witchcraft resulted in the witch hunt in Europe. The witch hunt gained momentum during the Protestant reformation process which began in 16th century. Therefore, the witch hunt left its mark on the historical period between the 14th and 17th centuries. The witch hunt in England did not resemble the continental pattern and had never been so ubiquitous or severe as a result of conditions specific to England. But during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James VI and I the witch hunt increased in England. Shakespeare wrote Macbeth when the witch hunt increased in England and Continental Europe. Macbeth is a story about the desire of power of Macbeth but a key to the play is witches. The aim of the article is to analyse the way in which the phenomenon of witchcraft differed in England and in Continental Europe and discuss how the witches in Macbeth represent the phenomenon of witchcraft so as to answer the question whether the witches in Macbeth were from England or Continental Europe.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, A. ve Gordon, R. (1978). Witchcraft and the Status of Women-The Case of England. The British Journal of Sociology, 29(2), s. 171-184.
  • Bailey, M. D. (2001). From Sorcery to Witchcraft: Clerical Conceptions of Magic in the Later Middle Ages. Speculum, 76(4), s. 960-990.
  • Barstow, A. L. (1988). On Studying Witchcraft as Women’s History: A Historiography of the European Witch Persecutions. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 4(2), s. 7-19.
  • Ben-Yehuda, N. (1980). The European Witch Craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A Sociologist’s Perspective. American Journal of Sociology, 86(1), s. 1-31.
  • Ben-Yehuda, N. (1981). Problems Inherent in Socio-Historical Approaches to the European Witch Craze. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 20 (4), s. 326-338.
  • Calhoun, H. V. (1942). James I and The Witch Scenes in Macbeth. The Shakespeare Association Bulletin, 17(4), s. 184-189.
  • Carthaigh, C. M. (1992/1993). The Ship-Sinking Witch: A Maritime Folk Legend from North-West Europe. Paper Presented at the Nordic-Celtic Legend Symposium, s. 267-286.
  • Currie, E.P. (1968). Crimes without Criminals: Witchcraft and Its Control in Renaissance. Law & Society Review, 3(1), s. 7-32.
  • Curry, W. C. (1933). The Demonic Metaphysics of “Macbeth”. Studies in Philology, 30(3), s. 395-426.
  • Darr, O. A. (2017).Reviewed Work(s): Witchcraft, Witch-Hunting, and Politics in Early Modern England by Peter Elmer. Renaissance Quarterly, 70(4), s. 1576-1578.
  • De Angelis, L. (2019). Witch Hunting 16th and 17th Century England. The Histories, 8(1), s. 1-10.
  • Duni, M. (2009). Reviewed Work(s): The Appearance of Witchcraft: Print and Visual Culture in Sixteenth-Century Europe by Charles Zika. Renaissance Quarterly, 62(4), s. 1271-1273.
  • Garrett, C. (1977). Women and Witches: Patterns of Analysis. Signs, 3(2), s. 461-470.
  • Garrett, J. M. (2013). Witchcraft and Sexual Knowledge in Early Modern England, Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies. 13(1), s. 32-72.
  • Floyd-Wison, M. (2006). English Epicures and Scottish Witches. Shakespeare Quarterly, 57(2), s. 131-161.
  • Hall, D. D. (1985). Witchcraft and the Limits of Interpretation. The New England Quarterly, 58(2), s. 253-281.
  • Horsley, R. A. (1979). Who Were the Witches? The Social Roles of the Accused in the European Witch Trials. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 9(4), s. 689-715.
  • Jones, K. ve Zell, M. (2005). The Divels Speciall Instruments: Women and Witchcraft before the Great Witch-Hunt. Social History, 30(1), s. 45-63.
  • Kittredge, G. L. (1917). A Case of Witchcraft. The American Historical Review, 2(1), s. 1-19.
  • Kranz, D. L. (2003). The Sounds of Supernatural Soliciting in Macbeth. Studies in Philology, 100(3), s. 346-383.
  • Lehmann, H. (1988). The Persecution of Witches as Restoration of Order: The Case of Germany 1590s-1650s. Central European History, 21(2), s. 107-121.
  • MacDonald, M. (1986). Women and Madness in Tudor and Stuart England. Social Research, 53(2), s. 261-281.
  • Mencej, M. (2011). The Role of Gender in Accusations of Witchcraft: The Case of Eastern Slovenia. Cesky lid, 98(4), s. 393-412.
  • Mesaki, S. (1995). The Evoution and Essence of Witchcraft in Pre-Colonial African Societies. Transafrican Journal of History, 24, s. 162-177.
  • Monter, W. (2004). Review:Re-Contextualizing British Witchcraft. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 35(1), s. 105-111.
  • Murray, M.A. (1917). Organisations of Witches in Great Britain. Folklore, 28(3), 228-258.
  • Murray, M. A. (1918). Witches’ Familiars in England. Man, 18, s. 101-104.
  • Oster, E. (2004). Witchcraft, Weather and Economic Growth in Renaissance Europe. The Journal of Economic Perspective, 18(1), s. 215-228.
  • Paxson, J. J. (1997). Theorizing the Mysteries’ End in England, the Artificial Demonic, and the Sixteenth-Century Witch-Craze. Criticism, 39(4), s. 481-502.
  • Robbins, R. H. (1963). The Imposture of Witchcraft. Folklore, 74(4), s. 545-562.
  • Schoeneman, T. J. (1975). The Witch Hunt as a Culture Change Phenomenon. Ethos, 3(4), s. 529-554.
  • Schuyler, J. (1987). The ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ and Baldung’s ‘Witches’ Sabbath. Notes in the History of Art, 6(3), s. 2-26.
  • Shakespeare, W. (2019). Macbeth. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Simpson, J. (1996). Witches and Witchbusters. Folklore, 107, s. 5-18.
  • Smith, P. (1992). A Quantitative Evaluation of Demographic, Gender and Social Transformation Theories of the Rise of European Witch Hunting 1300-1500. Historical Social Research, 17(4), s. 99-127.
  • Spoto, S. I. (2010). Jacobean Witchcraft and Feminine Power. Pacific Coast Philology, 45, s. 53-70.
  • Stoyle, M. (2011). It Is But an Olde Wytche Gonne: Prosecution and Execution for Witchcraft in Exeter, 1558-1610. History, 96(2), s. 129-151.
  • Suhr, C. (2012). Publishing for the Masses: Early Modern English Witchcraft Pamphlets. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 113(1), s. 118-121.
  • Tomarken, E. (1984). The Witches in Macbeth: Samuel Johnson’s Notion of Selective Empathy. CEA Critic, 47(1/2), s. 78-89.
  • Tonge, M. (1932). Black Magic and Miracles in Macbeth. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 31(2), s. 234-246.
  • Vanysacker, D. (2010). Reviewed Work(s): Witchcraft and the Act of 1604 (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions 131) by John Newton and Jo Bath. Church History and Religious Culture, 90(4), s. 697-699.
  • Willis, D. (2013). The Witch-Family in Elizabethan and Jocobean Print Culture. Journal of Early Modern Cultural Studies, 13(1), s. 4-31.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Dilek Yiğit 0000-0003-3132-6110

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 22 Haziran 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Yiğit, Dilek. “Erken Modern Dönemde İngiltere’de Cadılık Ve Macbeth’in Cadıları”. Amasya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11 (Haziran 2022), 239-258.

ISSN: (online) 2602-2567