Araştırma Makalesi
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Empress Pulcheria and Its Reflections on Byzantine Art

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 969 - 988, 27.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1331103

Öz

Empresses, in particular, always had a privileged place in the Byzantine Empire from its foundation to its collapse, and they played an important role in both politics and religious politics. One of these empresses is Pulcheria. Pulcheria played a very important role in both state affairs and religious affairs, from being empress as regent of her brother Theodosios II at the age of 15 until her death at the age of 54. The subject of the study is Pulcheria and its reflections on Byzantine art. In this context, Theotokos Khalkoprateia Church, Blakhernae Theotokos Church, Hodegetria Church and St. Laurence Church, which was built by Empress Pulcheria or at least led to its establishment, were examined in line with the sources of the period and the views of scientists. It is known that Pulcheria was a devout Christian and especially took on the guardianship of holy relics. Bringing the relics of St. Stephanos to Istanbul is also depicted on an ivory panel. It is known that Pulcheria brought many innovations to the imperial coin iconography. In this context, the innovations that Pulcheria brought to the imperial coin iconography were evaluated in the light of the coin samples of the period. Similar examples of the Steelyard Weight, which is thought to belong to Pulcheria, were examined and it was discussed why the busts of the emperor and empress were used in the scale knobs. In the evaluation and conclusion part, the works that are the subject of the study were evaluated comparatively with similar examples.

Kaynakça

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  • Aladzhova, D. (2018). The impact of Christianity on the marriage solidi of 5th Century. International Scientific Conference, The Basilica of St Sophia During The Transition From Paganism To Christianity, 387-396. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/36995109/Aladzhova_D_The_impact_of_Christianity_on_the_marriage_solidi_of_the_5th_century_pdf
  • Alp, O. (2021). Erken Hıristiyan ve bizans mimarlığına giriş. Ankara: Dorlion Yayınları.
  • Angelidi, C. ve Papamastorakis, T. (2000). M. Vassilaki (Yay. haz.), The veneration of the virgin hodegetria and the hodegon monastery. Mother of god, representations of the virgin in byzantine art içinde (s. 373-385). Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/6594535/_with_T_Papamastorakis_The_Veneration_of_the_Virgin_Hodegetria_and_the_Hodegon_Monastery_in_M_Vassilaki_ed_Mother_of_God_Representations_of_the_Virgin_in_Byzantine_Art_Milan_and_Athens_2000_
  • Atanassova, A. (2010). Orthodox women’s defense of the Theotokos: the case of empress Pulcheria and the council of Ephesus. Philanthropy and Social Compassion in Eastern Orthodox Tradition: Papers of the Sophia Institute Academic Conference, 137-162. Erişim adresi: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8RV0Z2Z
  • Bailly, A. (2006). Bizans imparatorluğu tarihi (H. Şaman, çev). İstanbul: Nokta Kitap.
  • Bardill, J. (2004). Brickstamps of Constantinople. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Brubaker, L. (1999). The Chalke Gate, the construction of the past and the trier ivory. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, XXIII, 258-285. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/67863170/The_Chalke_Gate_the_Construction_of_the_Past_and_the_Trier_Ivory
  • Cameron, A. (2015). Bizanslılar (Ö. Akpınar, çev). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Chatterjee, P. (2018). Iconoclasm’s legacy: interpreting the trier ivory. The Art Bulletin, 100(3), 28-47. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/38774321/Iconoclasms_Legacy_Interpreting_the_Trier_Ivory
  • Chew, K. (2006). Virgins and eunuchs: Pulcheria, politics and the death of emperor Theodosius II. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 55(2), 207-227. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/i400913
  • Clark, E. A. (1982). Claims on the bones of Saint Stephen: the partisans of Melania and Eudocia. Church History, 51(2), 141-156. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3165832
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İmparatoriçe Pulcheria ve Bizans Sanatına Yansımaları

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 969 - 988, 27.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1331103

Öz

Kuruluşundan yıkılışına kadar Bizans İmparatorluğu’nda özellikle İmparatoriçeler her zaman ayrıcalıklı bir yere sahip olmuş ve hem siyasette hem de dini siyasette önemli rol oynamışlardır. Bu imparatoriçelerden biri de Pulcheria’dır. Pulcheria 15 yaşında kardeşi II. Theodosios’un naibi olarak imparatoriçe olmasından 54 yaşında ölümüne kadar hem devlet işlerinde hem de dini meselelerde oldukça önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Çalışmanın konusu Pulcheria ve Bizans sanatına yansımalarıdır. Bu bağlamda İmparatoriçe Pulcheria tarafından yaptırılan ya da en azından kuruluşuna öncülük ettiği Theotokos Khalkoprateia Kilisesi, Blakhernae Theotokos Kilisesi, Hodegetria Kilisesi ve Aziz Laurence Kilisesi dönem kaynakları ve bilim insanlarının görüşleri doğrultusunda incelenmiştir. Pulcheria’nın koyu bir Hıristiyan olduğu ve özellikle de kutsal emanetlerin koruyuculuğunu üstlendiği bilinmektedir. Aziz Stephanos’un röliklerinin İstanbul’a getirilmesi de fildişi bir panelde betimlenmiştir. Araştırmada fildişi panelin tarihçesine değinilmiş ve tasviri yapılmıştır. Pulcheria’nın imparatorluk sikke ikonografisine birçok yenilik getirdiği bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda Pulcheria’nın imparatorluk sikke ikonografisine getirdiği yenilikler dönemin sikke örnekleri ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Pulcheria’ya ait olduğu düşünülen kantar topuzunun benzer örnekleri incelenip, neden kantar topuzlarında imparator ve imparatoriçe büstlerinin kullanıldığı tartışılmıştır. Değerlendirme ve sonuç kısmında ise çalışmanın konusu olan eserler benzer örnekleri ile karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Acara, M. (1998). Bizans ortodoks kilisesinde liturji ve liturjik eserler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 183-201. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/614238
  • Acara-Eser, M. (2003). Bizans Dönemi. G. Kürkman (Yay. haz.), Anadolu ağırlık ve ölçüleri içinde (s.32-48). Suna-İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü. İstanbul: Pera Müzesi Yayınları.
  • Acara-Eser, M. (2005). Ankara Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi’ndeki Bizans maden eserleri: ağırlıklar ve haçlar. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 22. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı II, 51-58. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/8025990/Ankara_Anadolu_Medeniyetleri_M%C3%BCzesindeki_Bizans_Maden_Eserleri_A%C4%9F%C4%B1rl%C4%B1klar_ve_Ha%C3%A7lar
  • Aladzhova, D. (2018). The impact of Christianity on the marriage solidi of 5th Century. International Scientific Conference, The Basilica of St Sophia During The Transition From Paganism To Christianity, 387-396. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/36995109/Aladzhova_D_The_impact_of_Christianity_on_the_marriage_solidi_of_the_5th_century_pdf
  • Alp, O. (2021). Erken Hıristiyan ve bizans mimarlığına giriş. Ankara: Dorlion Yayınları.
  • Angelidi, C. ve Papamastorakis, T. (2000). M. Vassilaki (Yay. haz.), The veneration of the virgin hodegetria and the hodegon monastery. Mother of god, representations of the virgin in byzantine art içinde (s. 373-385). Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/6594535/_with_T_Papamastorakis_The_Veneration_of_the_Virgin_Hodegetria_and_the_Hodegon_Monastery_in_M_Vassilaki_ed_Mother_of_God_Representations_of_the_Virgin_in_Byzantine_Art_Milan_and_Athens_2000_
  • Atanassova, A. (2010). Orthodox women’s defense of the Theotokos: the case of empress Pulcheria and the council of Ephesus. Philanthropy and Social Compassion in Eastern Orthodox Tradition: Papers of the Sophia Institute Academic Conference, 137-162. Erişim adresi: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8RV0Z2Z
  • Bailly, A. (2006). Bizans imparatorluğu tarihi (H. Şaman, çev). İstanbul: Nokta Kitap.
  • Bardill, J. (2004). Brickstamps of Constantinople. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Brubaker, L. (1999). The Chalke Gate, the construction of the past and the trier ivory. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, XXIII, 258-285. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/67863170/The_Chalke_Gate_the_Construction_of_the_Past_and_the_Trier_Ivory
  • Cameron, A. (2015). Bizanslılar (Ö. Akpınar, çev). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Chatterjee, P. (2018). Iconoclasm’s legacy: interpreting the trier ivory. The Art Bulletin, 100(3), 28-47. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/38774321/Iconoclasms_Legacy_Interpreting_the_Trier_Ivory
  • Chew, K. (2006). Virgins and eunuchs: Pulcheria, politics and the death of emperor Theodosius II. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 55(2), 207-227. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/i400913
  • Clark, E. A. (1982). Claims on the bones of Saint Stephen: the partisans of Melania and Eudocia. Church History, 51(2), 141-156. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3165832
  • Connor, C. L. (2004). Bizans’ın kadınları. (B. Cezar, çev.). İstanbul: YKY. Çakmakçı, Z. (2017). Erken bizans döneminde kadın baniler ve kültürel yaşama etkileri. MCBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(1), 775-800. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cbayarsos/issue/30064/300046
  • Darga, A. M. (2015). Anadolu’da kadın, on bin yıldır eş, anne, tüccar, kraliçe (E. Çaykara, çev.). İstanbul: YKY.
  • Delbrueck, R. (1933). Spätantike kaiserporträts von Constantinus Magnus bis zum ende des westreichs. Germany: Walter de Gruyter & Company.
  • Demirel-Gökalp, Z. (2009). Yalvaç Müzesi Bizans sikkeleri. Ankara: Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
  • Diehl, C. (2006). Bizans imparatorluğunun tarihi (A. G. Bozkurt, çev.). İstanbul: İlgi Yayınları.
  • Dirschlmayer, M. (2015). Kirchenstiftungen rőmischer kaiserinnen vom 4. bis zum 6. jahrhundert. Műnster: Aschendorff Verlag.
  • Downey, G. (1957). Nikolaos Mesarites: description of the church of the holy apostles at Constantinople. Philadelphia: Transactions of the America Philosophical Society NS.
  • Ermiş, M.Ü. (2011). Ayvansaray’da ortaya çıkartılan bir bizans kilisesi. Sanat Tarihi Yıllığı, 17, 41-48. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233416793_Ayvansaray'da_Ortaya_Cikartilan_Bir_ Bizans_Kilisesi
  • Grabar, A. (1957). L’Iconoclasme byzantin. Paris: Dossier Archeologique.
  • Grierson, P. ve Mays, M. (1992). Catalogue of late roman coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Wahington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
  • Grotowski, P. (2013). Fotinus, Żywot Jana Pustelnika. Vox Patrum, 33(59), 607–638. Erişim adresi:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311273893_Fotinus_Zywot_Jana_Postnika_Vita_Ioannis_Ieiunatoris_episcopi_Constantinopoleos_BHG_II_893_CPG_7971_Photinus_Life_of_John_the_Faster
  • Herrin, J. (2000). The imperial feminine in Byzantium. Past & Present, 169, 3-35. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/651262
  • Holum, K. G. (1977). Pulcheria’s crusade A.D. 421-22 and the ideology of imperial victory. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 18(2), 153-172. Erişim adresi: https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/7811
  • Holum, K.G. ve Vikan, G. (1979). The trier ivory, adventus ceremonial, and the relics of St. Stephen. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 33, 113-133. Erişim adresi: https://archive.org/details/DOP33_04_Holum_and_Vikan
  • Holum, K.G. (1982). Theodosian Empresses, woman and imperial dominion in late antiquity. California: University of California Press.
  • James, L. (2014). Making a name: reputation and imperial founding and refounding in Constantinople, female founders in byzantium and beyonds. Wiener Jahrbuch für Kunstgeschichte, LX/LXI, 63-72. Wien: Böhlau Verlag. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269749350_4_Making_a_Name_Reputation_and_Imperial_Founding_and_Refounding_in_Constantinople
  • Janin, R. (1969). La géographie ecclésiastique de l’Empire byzantin. Paris: Edité par Institut français d'études byzantines.
  • Lung, E. (2017). Depictions of women in the works of early byzantine historians and chroniclers: between stereotype and reality. Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques, 43(1), 4-18. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315908927_Depictions_of_Women_in_the_Works_of_Early_Byzantine_Historians_and_Chroniclers
  • Maktal-Canko, D. (2017). Sikkeler ışığında bizansta imparatoriçe imgesi (780-1204). Art-Sanat Dergisi, 8, 113-137. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuarts/issue/47866/604028
  • Malmberg, S. (2014). Triumphal arches and gates of piety at Constantinople, Ravenna and Rome. S. Birk, T. Myrup Kristensen and B. Poulsen (Yay. haz.). Using Images in Late Antiquity Oxbow Books içinde (s. 150-189). Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280096735_ Triumphal_Arches_and_Gates_of_Piety_at_Constantinople_Ravenna_and_Rome_In_Using_Images_in_Late_Antiquity_Oxbow_Books_2014_pp_150-189
  • Mango, C. (1972). The art of Byzantine empire sources and documents. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  • Mango C. (1993). The development of Constantinople as an urban centre. Studies on Constantinople, Aldershout,10, 117–136. Erişim adresi: https://www.medievalists.net/files/07060306.pdf
  • Mango, C. (2000). Constantinople as theotokopoulos, mother of god: representations of the virgin in byzantine art. M. Vassilaki (Yay. haz.). Milan: Skira.
  • Mango, C. ve Scott, R. (1997). The chronicle of Theophanes Confessor Byzantine and near eastern history Ad 284-813. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Mathews, T.F. (1971). The early churches of Constantinople: architecture and liturgy. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.
  • Meriçboyu, Y. ve Atasoy, S. (1983). Büst şeklinde kantar ağırlıkları. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Müller-Wiener, W. (2002). İstanbul’un tarihsel topografyası. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Negrău, E. (2018). The marian inscription in the sanctuary of the Hârlău St. George Church revisited: The early 16th century liturgical context, museikon. A Journal of Religious Art and Culture/Revue d'art et de culture religieuse, 2(2), 89-94. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/38825589/The_Marian_Inscription_in_the_Sanctuary_of_the_H%C3%A2rl%C4%83u_St_George_Church_Revisited_The_Early_16th_Century_Liturgical_Context
  • Norwich, J. J. (2013). Bizans, erken dönem (MS 323-802). (H. Koyukan, çev.). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Ostrogorsky, G. (1999). Bizans devleti tarihi (F. Işıltan, çev.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Pentcheva, B.V. (2006). Icons and power: the mother of god in byzantium. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Rodin, K. K. (2016). Empress influence on the establishment and rise in popularity of the virgin Mary and Kuan Yin. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 6(11), 1396-1406. Erişim adresi: https://www.davidpublisher.com/Public/uploads/Contribute/5809bfd51c9c3.pdf
  • Ross, M.C. (1946). A byzantine bronze weight. American Journal of Archaeology, 50(3), 368-369. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/499457
  • Schwarcz, A. (2003). Marriage and power politics in the fifth century. Medieval Prosopography, 24, 35-43. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44946414
  • Sipahioğlu, A. (1996). İstanbul’da bir kilise harabesi Khalkoprateia manastırı kilisesi. Sanat Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13, 13-17. Erişim adresi: https://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D00109/1995_13/1995_13_SIPAHIOGLUA.pdf
  • Spain, S. (1977). The translation of relics ivory, Trier. DOP 33, 279-304. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291409
  • The Chronicle of Marcellinus: A translation and commentary. (1995). (B. Croke, çev.), Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies.
  • The Patria. Accounts of medieval Constantinople. (2013). (A. Berger, çev.), London: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library.
  • Teetgen, A. B. (1907). The life and times of the Empress Pulcheria A.D.399 A.D. – A.D. 452. London: Swan Sonnenschein Co., Lim.
  • Twardowska, K. (2017). The church foundations of Empress Pulcheria in Constantinople according to Theodore Lector’s ‘Church History’ and other contemporary sources, res gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne, 5, 83-94. Erişim adresi: https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/files/Res_Gestae_Czasopismo_Historyczne/Res_Gestae_Czasopismo_Historyczne-r2017-t5/Res_Gestae_Czasopismo_Historyczne-r2017-t5-s83-94/Res_Gestae_Czasopismo_Historyczne-r2017-t5-s83-94.pdf
  • Xanthopoulos, Nicephoros Kallistos. Historia Ecclesiastica.
  • Walker, A. (2010). Numismatic and metrological parallels for the iconography of early byzantine marriage jewelry, The Question of the Crowned Bride. Travaux et Mémoires 16, 1-14. Erişim adresi: https://repository.brynmawr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=hart_pubs
  • Wenger, A. (1952). Notes inédites sur les empreurs Théodose I, Arcadius, Théodose II, Léon I. REB, 10, 46–59. Erişim adresi: https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_0766-5598_1952_num_10_1_1055
  • Wolff, R. L. (1948). Footnote to an incident of the Latin occupation of Constantinople: the church and the icon of the hodegetria. Traditio, 6, 319-328. Erişim adresi: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/traditio/article/abs/footnote-to-an-incident-of-the-latin-occupation-of-constantinople-the-church-and-the-icon-of-the-hodegetria/B68E7D4E54FF6E1E8EB2B21ACE57A295
  • Wulff, O. (1924). Altchristliche und Byzantinische Kunst II. Berlin: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion m. b. H.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sanat Tarihi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

A. Nazlı Soykan 0000-0002-8611-8936

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Soykan, A. N. (2023). İmparatoriçe Pulcheria ve Bizans Sanatına Yansımaları. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 969-988. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1331103