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Pilgrimages in the Medieval Europe

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 49, 507 - 540, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.1224907

Öz

Going on pilgrimage in medieval Europe is an act of worship that every faithful Christian wants to fulfill. Since there are no reliable records, the true extent of the pilgrimage in this period is not known, but when we look at the records, history books, wills and institutions established on the pilgrimage routes, it is understood that the number is high. In some years, this number is higher than normal. For example, in the first jubilee year of 1300, the number of pilgrims visiting Rome rose from about 200,000 to over two million. This year is thought to be the year with the most pilgrimages during the Middle Ages, as the first jubilee was declared and the forgiveness of sins was promised for the first time.
People living in medieval Europe believed that sickness and bad luck were caused by sin, and the only remedy was repentance. Visiting the local tombs is often enough to meet the needs of the pilgrims. Although it is not known exactly why they visited these places, it is possible to find relevant information in the books about the miracles of the saints. The wish of most of them is forgiveness of sins. On the other hand, pilgrimage is not the only way of forgiveness of sins. A person on his deathbed can choose a priest with the permission of the pope to have his sins forgiven. Contributing to the construction of roads and bridges, giving alms to hospitals and the poor, and praying for the dead are also ways to obtain forgiveness.
Especially since the 12th century, people take a self-motivating oath before going on pilgrimage. It is important whether the oath is spoken or written in the presence of witnesses. Failure to take the oath of pilgrimage to Rome, Jerusalem, or Compostela requires a personal appeal to the pope for pardon or commutation. The papal records contain responses to such appeals. People first wrote why they took the oath and then why they could not fulfill it. Age, illness, repeated pregnancies, working in the king's service are among the reasons for not being able to go.
There is also a phenomenon called proxy pilgrimage in Medieval Europe. Among the rich, those who were sick gave money, especially to those from the religious class, to go on pilgrimage on their behalf and have their sins forgiven. It is possible to see women as well as men among those chosen for this type of pilgrimage. It is a type of pilgrimage that is usually made on a will. The testators wanted honest priests to make this pilgrimage, and they set aside money for it.
In Medieval Europe, the church took it upon itself to provide support such as caring for sick pilgrims, burial of those who died during the pilgrimage, and helping poor pilgrims. Hospitals and monasteries sponsored by the church meet the needs of the pilgrims. The donations made by the pilgrims at the pilgrimage centers are returned to them as a service, free accommodation and meals are provided, and these can also be in addition to the income of the clergy.
Hospitals were plentiful in the late Middle Ages but pilgrims did not benefit much from them, they are for the needy and the sick, the pilgrim was able to go to the hospital if he was needy or sick, but if not, he was only allowed to stay here for one night. Those with money are expected to use the inns. In special periods such as the Jubilee years, special accommodation places were built along the roads leading to Rome.
As Western society developed, the status of pilgrims improved. Legally, the parties to the case have the right to stop the case if they have taken a long-distance pilgrimage or have taken an oath at the time of the lawsuit. The church protects the property of those who go on pilgrimage, and their debts are postponed. Over time, they were allowed to appoint a deputy to run their business in their absence. They are exempt from business taxes.
It is possible to get some information about the clothes of the period pilgrims from the pictures. Judging by the pictures, the pilgrims wear comfortable clothes, sturdy shoes, wide-brimmed hats, and carry a beverage bottle and a shoulder bag.

Kaynakça

  • ALBERIGO, J., P. P. JOANNOU, C. LEONARDI ve P. PRODI. (Ed.). Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta. Freiburg: Verlag Herder, 1962.
  • ARONSTAM, Robin Ann. “Penitential Pilgrimages to Rome in the Early Middle Ages”. Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 13 (1975): 65-83.
  • BAILEY, Anne E. “Wives, mothers and widows on pilgrimage: categories of ‘women’ recorded at English healing shrines in the Middle Ages”. Journal of Medieval History 39/2 (2013) : 197-219.
  • BALE, Anthony. The Book of Margery Kempe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • BEEBE, Kathryne. Pilgrim and Preacher: The Audiences and Observant Spirituality of Friar Felix Fabri. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • BELL, A. R., ve R. S. DALE. “The Medieval Pilgrimage Business”. Enterprise & Society 12/3 (2011): 601-627.
  • BERMAN, Constance H. The White Nuns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
  • BERMAN, Constance. Women and Monasticism in Medieval Europe. Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, 2002.
  • BLICK, Sarah. Art and Medieval Pilgrimage for Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art ve Architecture. Oxford: 2012. https://www.academia.edu/3604133/Art_and_the_Medieval_Pilgrimage
  • BOOTH, Paul. “The Last Week of the Life of Edward the Black Prince”. Contact and Exchange in Later Medieval Europe. Ed.: H. Skoda, P. Lantschner, R. L. J. Shaw. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2012.
  • BREFELD, Josephie. A Guidebook for the Jerusalem Pilgrimage in the Late Middle Ages. Hilversum: Verloren, 1994
  • BULL, Marcus. The Miracles of Our Lady of Rocamadour: Analysis and Translation. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1999.
  • BUTLER, Alban. Butler`s Lives of the Saints: February. Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1998.
  • CARTWRIGHT, Jane. “Convent and Community in Medieval Wales”. Medieval Women in Their Communities. Ed.: Diane Watt. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.
  • CHAREYRON, Nicole. Pilgrims to Jerusalem in the Middle Ages. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
  • CLYNE, Miriam. “A Medieval Pilgrim: From Tuam to Santiago de Compostela”. Archeology Ireland 4/3 (1990): 21-22.
  • COHEN, Eshter. In the Name of God and of Profit : The Pilgrimage Industry in Southern France in the Late Middle Ages. Brown University, Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1976. https://www.proquest.com/openview/bbe2e5e9632d10186e1646dc06b7e963/1?pq- origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
  • CRAIG, Leigh Ann. “Stronger than men and braver than knights: women and the pilgrimages to Jerusalem and Rome in the later middle ages”. Journal of Medieval History 29/3 (2003): 153-175.
  • CRAIG, Leigh Ann. Wandering Women and Holy Matrons. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
  • DILLON, Matthew. Pigrims and Pilgrimage in Ancient Greece. London: Routledge, 1997.
  • DÜNDAR, Derya Gürtaş. “Orta Çağ`ın Hristiyan Hacıları ve Onların Koruyucuları”. History Studies 14/3 (2022): 547-564.
  • FRENCH, Dorothea R. “Felix Fabri”. Encyclopedia of Medieval Pilgrimage. Ed.: L. J. Taylor, L. A. Craig, J. B. Friedman, K. Gower, T. Izbicki, R. Tekippe. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
  • FRENCH, Jean M. “Rocamadour”. Medieval France. Ed.: W. W. Kibler, G. A. Zinn. London: Routledge, 1995.
  • GADE, Kari Ellen. “Homosexuality and Rape of Males in Old Norse Law and Literature”. History of Homosexuality in Europe and America V. Ed.: W. R. Dynes, S. Donaldson. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1992.
  • GEARY, Patrick. Readings in Medieval History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016.
  • GERSON, Paula. “Pilgrimage”. Medieval France. Ed.: W. W. Kibler, G. A. Zinn. London: Routledge, 1995.
  • HARRISON, Martin Leigh. “Penitential Pilgrimage”. Encyclopedia of Medieval Pilgrimage. Ed.: L. J. Taylor, L. A. Craig, J. B. Friedman, K. Gower, T. Izbicki, R. Tekippe. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
  • HAYES-HEALY, Stephanie. “Peregrini”. Encyclopedia of Medieval Pilgrimage.Ed.: L. J. Taylor, L. A. Craig, J. B. Friedman, K. Gower, T. Izbicki, R. Tekippe. Leiden: Brill, 2010. http://eurasianjvetsci.org/pdf/pdf_EJVS_1119.pdf
  • HOLT, Andrew. “Feminine Sexuality and the Crusades”. Sexuality in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times. Ed.: A. Classen Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008.
  • HOOK, Walter Farquhar. Lives of the Arcbishops of Canterbury I. London, 1860.
  • HURLOCK, Kathryn. “Welsh Pilgrims and Crusaders in the Middle Ages”. The Welsh and the Medieval World. Ed.: P. Skinner. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2018.
  • HURLOCK, Kathryn. Medieval Welsh Pilgrimage. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
  • INNES, C. (Ed.). Origines Parochiales Scotiae II/II. Edinburg: W. H. Lizars, 1855.
  • KNOX, Lezlie. “Poor Clares Order”. Women and Gender in Medieval Europe. Ed.: M. Schaus. New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • KORPIOLA, Mia. “Animal Passions: Bestiality and the Law in Medieval and Reformation Sweden”. Honos alit artes, Il Cammino Delle Idee Dal Medioevo All`antico Regime. Ed.: P. Maffei, G. M. Varanini. Firenze: Firenze University Press, 2014.
  • LANZI, Fernando ve Gioia LANZI. Saints and Their Symbols. Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2003.
  • LESTER, Anne E. Creating Cistercian Nuns. New York: Cornell University Press, 2011.
  • MAKOVSKI, Elizabeth. “Monasticism, Women`s: Papal Policy”, Women an GENDER in Medieval Europe. Ed.: M. Schaus. New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • MARNER, Dominic. St. Cuthbert: His Life and Cult in Medieval Durham. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.
  • MEENS, Rob. Penance in Medieval Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • MICHAEL, Michalis N. “From Cilicia to Cyprus: Turcophone Orthodox Pilgrims”. Cries and Whispers in Karamanlidika Books. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010.
  • MIGNE, J. P. (Ed.). Alexandri III, Epistolae et Privilegia (AD 1159 - AD 1181), 69-1320C, Epp. CMLXXV, PL200.
  • MORRISON, Susan Signe. Women Pilgrims in Late Medieval England. London: Routledge, 2000.
  • MUIR, Steven. “The Social Self on Pilgrimage: Intercession and Mediation”. The Many Voices of Pilgrimage and Reconciliation. Ed.:I. S. McIntosh, L. D. Harman. Boston: CABI, 2017.
  • ORTENBERG, Veronica. “Archbishop Sigeric`s Journey to Rome in 990”. Anglo Saxon England 19 (1990): 197-246.
  • PERTZ, G.H. (Ed.). Capitulare Aquisgranense. MGH LL 1. Hanover, 1835.
  • RAY, Richard. The Shape of My Heart. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2022.
  • READER, Ian. Pilgrimage in the Marketplace. New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • RICHARDSON, Douglas. Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families vol. I. 2th Edition. Utah: Kimball G. Everingham, 2011.
  • SPIEGEL, Gabriel. “The Cult of St. Denis and Capetian Kingship”. Saints and Their Cults. Ed.: S. Wilson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • STAHL, Alan M. “Ducat”. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History I,. Ed.: J. Mokyr. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • STROOPE, Michael W. Transcending Mission. Westmont: InterVarsity Press, 2017.
  • STUBBS, W. (Ed.). Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 76/1. London: Longman, 1882.
  • SUTERA, Judith. St. Benedict`s Rule: An Inclusive Translation. Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2021.
  • SWANSON, R. N. Indulgences in Late Medieval England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. THORNDIKE, Lynn. The History of Medieval Europe. New York: The University Press Cambridge, 1917.
  • WAITZ, G. (Ed.). Catalogus Levoldi de Northof, Catalogus Archiepiscoporum Coloniensium. MGH SS 24. Hanover, 1879.
  • WATSON, Danielle. The Church in Medieval Europe. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, 2017.
  • WEAKLAND, John E. “Administrative and Fiscal Centralization under Pope John XXII, 1316-1334”. The Catholic Historical Review 54/2 (1968): 285-310.
  • WEBB, Diana. Medieval Pilgrimage c.700-c.1500. Hong Kong: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  • WEILAND, L. (Ed.). Concilium Seigenstadense. MGH, LL, Cons. Act. Pub. Imp. Reg. I. Hanover, 1893.
  • YİĞİT, Ali ve Taşkın YAŞAR. “Zoofili: Kutsal dinler, mevzuat ve etik açısından bir değerlendirme”. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 32/2 (2016): 114-119.
  • YOSHIKAWA, Naoe Kukita. Margery Kempe`s Meditations. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2007.

Orta Çağ Avrupası`nda Hac Seyahatleri

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 49, 507 - 540, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.1224907

Öz

Orta Çağ Avrupası`nda hacı olmak her inançlı Hıristiyan için çok önemlidir. Kıtada çok sayıda hac mekânı olması insanların böyle bir dinî görevi yerine getirmelerini kolaylaştırmıştır. Hac ziyaretinin temel amacı günahların bağışlanmasıdır ancak hastalığa şifa bulmak, çocuk istemek, yerine gelen dilek için teşekkür etmek gibi pek çok amaç da söz konusudur. Güvenilir kayıtlar olmadığından hacıların sayısı tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Çağ boyunca kontrol altında yaşayan kadınlar da hac ziyaretleri yapmışlar ancak daha çok evlerine yakın yerlere gitmişlerdir. Uzaklara gideceklerse genelde kocaları onlara eşlik etmiştir. Rahibelerin hacca gittiklerine dair kanıt yoktur. Bu dönemde hac, tehlikeli ve masraflı bir iştir. Başkasının yerine hacca gitmek de söz konusudur. Hac seyahatlerinin süresi gidilen mekânın uzaklığına göre değişmekle birlikte genellikle uzundur çünkü ulaşım bugünkü kadar gelişmiş değildir. Ayrıca 1346-1353 arasında yaşanan büyük veba salgını ve 1337-1453 arasındaki Yüzyıl Savaşları gibi pek çok bölgeyi etkileyen olaylar hac seyahatlerinin sekteye uğramasına neden olmuştur. Yine de din adamları ve özellikle papalar insanları hacca gitmeye teşvik etmiştir. Bu teşvikin bir amacı insanların günahlarının bağışlanması iken bir diğer amacı da ruhban sınıfın hac seyahatlerinden büyük gelir elde etmesidir. Bu gelir öyle büyüktür ki zaman zaman dinî ve dünyevi liderleri karşı karşıya getirmiştir. Orta Çağ`da kıtanın en önemli üç hac merkezi Roma, Santiego de Compostela ve Canterbury`dir.

Kaynakça

  • ALBERIGO, J., P. P. JOANNOU, C. LEONARDI ve P. PRODI. (Ed.). Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta. Freiburg: Verlag Herder, 1962.
  • ARONSTAM, Robin Ann. “Penitential Pilgrimages to Rome in the Early Middle Ages”. Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 13 (1975): 65-83.
  • BAILEY, Anne E. “Wives, mothers and widows on pilgrimage: categories of ‘women’ recorded at English healing shrines in the Middle Ages”. Journal of Medieval History 39/2 (2013) : 197-219.
  • BALE, Anthony. The Book of Margery Kempe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • BEEBE, Kathryne. Pilgrim and Preacher: The Audiences and Observant Spirituality of Friar Felix Fabri. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • BELL, A. R., ve R. S. DALE. “The Medieval Pilgrimage Business”. Enterprise & Society 12/3 (2011): 601-627.
  • BERMAN, Constance H. The White Nuns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
  • BERMAN, Constance. Women and Monasticism in Medieval Europe. Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, 2002.
  • BLICK, Sarah. Art and Medieval Pilgrimage for Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art ve Architecture. Oxford: 2012. https://www.academia.edu/3604133/Art_and_the_Medieval_Pilgrimage
  • BOOTH, Paul. “The Last Week of the Life of Edward the Black Prince”. Contact and Exchange in Later Medieval Europe. Ed.: H. Skoda, P. Lantschner, R. L. J. Shaw. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2012.
  • BREFELD, Josephie. A Guidebook for the Jerusalem Pilgrimage in the Late Middle Ages. Hilversum: Verloren, 1994
  • BULL, Marcus. The Miracles of Our Lady of Rocamadour: Analysis and Translation. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1999.
  • BUTLER, Alban. Butler`s Lives of the Saints: February. Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1998.
  • CARTWRIGHT, Jane. “Convent and Community in Medieval Wales”. Medieval Women in Their Communities. Ed.: Diane Watt. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.
  • CHAREYRON, Nicole. Pilgrims to Jerusalem in the Middle Ages. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
  • CLYNE, Miriam. “A Medieval Pilgrim: From Tuam to Santiago de Compostela”. Archeology Ireland 4/3 (1990): 21-22.
  • COHEN, Eshter. In the Name of God and of Profit : The Pilgrimage Industry in Southern France in the Late Middle Ages. Brown University, Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1976. https://www.proquest.com/openview/bbe2e5e9632d10186e1646dc06b7e963/1?pq- origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
  • CRAIG, Leigh Ann. “Stronger than men and braver than knights: women and the pilgrimages to Jerusalem and Rome in the later middle ages”. Journal of Medieval History 29/3 (2003): 153-175.
  • CRAIG, Leigh Ann. Wandering Women and Holy Matrons. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
  • DILLON, Matthew. Pigrims and Pilgrimage in Ancient Greece. London: Routledge, 1997.
  • DÜNDAR, Derya Gürtaş. “Orta Çağ`ın Hristiyan Hacıları ve Onların Koruyucuları”. History Studies 14/3 (2022): 547-564.
  • FRENCH, Dorothea R. “Felix Fabri”. Encyclopedia of Medieval Pilgrimage. Ed.: L. J. Taylor, L. A. Craig, J. B. Friedman, K. Gower, T. Izbicki, R. Tekippe. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
  • FRENCH, Jean M. “Rocamadour”. Medieval France. Ed.: W. W. Kibler, G. A. Zinn. London: Routledge, 1995.
  • GADE, Kari Ellen. “Homosexuality and Rape of Males in Old Norse Law and Literature”. History of Homosexuality in Europe and America V. Ed.: W. R. Dynes, S. Donaldson. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1992.
  • GEARY, Patrick. Readings in Medieval History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016.
  • GERSON, Paula. “Pilgrimage”. Medieval France. Ed.: W. W. Kibler, G. A. Zinn. London: Routledge, 1995.
  • HARRISON, Martin Leigh. “Penitential Pilgrimage”. Encyclopedia of Medieval Pilgrimage. Ed.: L. J. Taylor, L. A. Craig, J. B. Friedman, K. Gower, T. Izbicki, R. Tekippe. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
  • HAYES-HEALY, Stephanie. “Peregrini”. Encyclopedia of Medieval Pilgrimage.Ed.: L. J. Taylor, L. A. Craig, J. B. Friedman, K. Gower, T. Izbicki, R. Tekippe. Leiden: Brill, 2010. http://eurasianjvetsci.org/pdf/pdf_EJVS_1119.pdf
  • HOLT, Andrew. “Feminine Sexuality and the Crusades”. Sexuality in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times. Ed.: A. Classen Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008.
  • HOOK, Walter Farquhar. Lives of the Arcbishops of Canterbury I. London, 1860.
  • HURLOCK, Kathryn. “Welsh Pilgrims and Crusaders in the Middle Ages”. The Welsh and the Medieval World. Ed.: P. Skinner. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2018.
  • HURLOCK, Kathryn. Medieval Welsh Pilgrimage. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
  • INNES, C. (Ed.). Origines Parochiales Scotiae II/II. Edinburg: W. H. Lizars, 1855.
  • KNOX, Lezlie. “Poor Clares Order”. Women and Gender in Medieval Europe. Ed.: M. Schaus. New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • KORPIOLA, Mia. “Animal Passions: Bestiality and the Law in Medieval and Reformation Sweden”. Honos alit artes, Il Cammino Delle Idee Dal Medioevo All`antico Regime. Ed.: P. Maffei, G. M. Varanini. Firenze: Firenze University Press, 2014.
  • LANZI, Fernando ve Gioia LANZI. Saints and Their Symbols. Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2003.
  • LESTER, Anne E. Creating Cistercian Nuns. New York: Cornell University Press, 2011.
  • MAKOVSKI, Elizabeth. “Monasticism, Women`s: Papal Policy”, Women an GENDER in Medieval Europe. Ed.: M. Schaus. New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • MARNER, Dominic. St. Cuthbert: His Life and Cult in Medieval Durham. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.
  • MEENS, Rob. Penance in Medieval Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • MICHAEL, Michalis N. “From Cilicia to Cyprus: Turcophone Orthodox Pilgrims”. Cries and Whispers in Karamanlidika Books. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010.
  • MIGNE, J. P. (Ed.). Alexandri III, Epistolae et Privilegia (AD 1159 - AD 1181), 69-1320C, Epp. CMLXXV, PL200.
  • MORRISON, Susan Signe. Women Pilgrims in Late Medieval England. London: Routledge, 2000.
  • MUIR, Steven. “The Social Self on Pilgrimage: Intercession and Mediation”. The Many Voices of Pilgrimage and Reconciliation. Ed.:I. S. McIntosh, L. D. Harman. Boston: CABI, 2017.
  • ORTENBERG, Veronica. “Archbishop Sigeric`s Journey to Rome in 990”. Anglo Saxon England 19 (1990): 197-246.
  • PERTZ, G.H. (Ed.). Capitulare Aquisgranense. MGH LL 1. Hanover, 1835.
  • RAY, Richard. The Shape of My Heart. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2022.
  • READER, Ian. Pilgrimage in the Marketplace. New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • RICHARDSON, Douglas. Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families vol. I. 2th Edition. Utah: Kimball G. Everingham, 2011.
  • SPIEGEL, Gabriel. “The Cult of St. Denis and Capetian Kingship”. Saints and Their Cults. Ed.: S. Wilson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • STAHL, Alan M. “Ducat”. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History I,. Ed.: J. Mokyr. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • STROOPE, Michael W. Transcending Mission. Westmont: InterVarsity Press, 2017.
  • STUBBS, W. (Ed.). Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 76/1. London: Longman, 1882.
  • SUTERA, Judith. St. Benedict`s Rule: An Inclusive Translation. Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2021.
  • SWANSON, R. N. Indulgences in Late Medieval England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. THORNDIKE, Lynn. The History of Medieval Europe. New York: The University Press Cambridge, 1917.
  • WAITZ, G. (Ed.). Catalogus Levoldi de Northof, Catalogus Archiepiscoporum Coloniensium. MGH SS 24. Hanover, 1879.
  • WATSON, Danielle. The Church in Medieval Europe. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, 2017.
  • WEAKLAND, John E. “Administrative and Fiscal Centralization under Pope John XXII, 1316-1334”. The Catholic Historical Review 54/2 (1968): 285-310.
  • WEBB, Diana. Medieval Pilgrimage c.700-c.1500. Hong Kong: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  • WEILAND, L. (Ed.). Concilium Seigenstadense. MGH, LL, Cons. Act. Pub. Imp. Reg. I. Hanover, 1893.
  • YİĞİT, Ali ve Taşkın YAŞAR. “Zoofili: Kutsal dinler, mevzuat ve etik açısından bir değerlendirme”. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 32/2 (2016): 114-119.
  • YOSHIKAWA, Naoe Kukita. Margery Kempe`s Meditations. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2007.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özlem Genç 0000-0002-2564-7447

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 29 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 49

Kaynak Göster

APA Genç, Ö. (2023). Orta Çağ Avrupası`nda Hac Seyahatleri. Bilimname(49), 507-540. https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.1224907