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Women's Health and Reproductive Health Needs of Lesbian Individuals in Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 132 - 139, 01.05.2024

Demet Güney Esma Demirezen

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1428473

Öz

Health is a basic right that all individuals have from birth. The World Health Organization defines reproductive health as a state of complete mental, physical, social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or impotence, in all matters relating to the reproductive system, its functions, and processes. Reproductive health services include the freedom to have children, fertility, adolescent sexuality, unwanted pregnancies, unhealthy abortions, maternal and infant mortality, related disabilities, HIV/AIDS, and sexually transmitted diseases. LGBTQI+ includes different gender identities, and sexual orientations including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex. Gender is assigned at birth, based on chromosomal, hormonal, physical, or anatomical characteristics. However, sexual orientation is defined as the gender to which one's sexual impulses are oriented or the ongoing emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction to an individual of a particular gender. These groups face important existential problems, especially in developing, traditional lifestyle predominate countries or in Muslim countries like Türkiye. STDs and HIV/AIDS are among the diseases that can be treated in the lesbian population through expanded RHS. General gynecological, breast cancer should also be considered in protecting, and improving lesbian individual’s health. This study draws attention to women's health problems in Türkiye, including breast cancer and other gynecological health problems, as well as reproductive health problems of lesbian individuals. It aims to share LGBTI+ health care problems and in this context, to emphasize the women's health and reproductive health needs of midwives and nurses, lesbian individuals in Türkiye, which are generally practiced as a female profession in Türkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lesbian Women health Bisexual Cancer

Kaynakça

  • Ak F, Tekiner SA, Ceyhun Peker AG, Dağlı Z, Ungan M. 2013. What are the health issues of lesbians and bisexual women concerning family medicine/general practice. Eur J General Pract, 19(3): 178. https://doi.org/10.3109/13814788.2013.822859.
  • Akalın A. 2022. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection and current approaches in HPV vaccine. Androl Bul, 24: 133-139. https://doi.org/10.24898/tandro.2022.25993.
  • American Cancer Society. 2019. The American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Prevention and Early Detection of Cervical Cancer. URL: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/ cervical-cancer/ detection-diagnosis-staging/cervical-cancer-screening-guidelines.html (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • Amnesty International Türkiye Report. 2011. Not an illness nor a crime: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in Turkey demand Equality. URL: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur44/001/2011/en/ (accessed date: December 23, 2023).
  • Amnesty International. 2019. Women, LGBTI+, refugees and digital rights. Areas that have come to the fore in the last decade of the human rights struggle. URL: https://www.amnesty.org.tr/icerik/2010larin-insan-haklari-mucadeleleri (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • Aslaner Ç. 2019. Investigation of breast cancer prevention behaviors of women applying to a family health center using a mixed method. Specialty Thesis, İstanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Istanbul, Türkiye, pp: 106.
  • Beijing Declaration and Plan of Action. 1995. URL: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/kefe/docs/pekin.pdf (accessed date: December 21, 2023).
  • Bilgiç D, Şahin Hotun N. 2017. Reproductive health in lesbians. Türkiye Klin J Health Sci, 2(1): 30-39. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2015-48315.
  • Bjorkman M, Malterud K. 2009. Lesbian women's experiences with health care: A qualitative study. Scandinavian J Prim Health Care, 27: 238-243. https://doi.org/10.3109/02813430903226548.
  • Boehmer U, Miao X, Linkletter C, Clark MA. 2012. Adult health behaviors over the life course by sexual orientation. American J Pub Health, 102: 292-300. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300334.
  • CDC. 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: A guide to taking a sexual history. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/sexualhistory.pdf (accessed date: December 12, 2023).
  • CDC. 2020. Centers for disease control and prevention: Healthy People 2020 Lesbian Health Fact Sheet. URL:
  • Çelik BG, Erciyes JC. 2021. Gender perception and prejudice a study on behaviors and attitudes towards LGBTI+ individuals. Aydın Health J, 7(3): 255-275.
  • Ceyhan B, Atakır K, Özevci G. 2022. Investigation of women's awareness of breast cancer screening methods in Turkey. World J Health Natur Sci, 5(2): 123-133. https://doi.org/10.56728/dustad.1206908.
  • Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye. 1982. URL: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=2709&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 (accessed date: January 1, 2024).
  • Council of Europe. 2011. LGBT Studies. URL: https://www.coe.int/t/commissioner/Source/LGBT/LGBTStudy2011_Turkish.pdf (accessed date: November 12, 2023).
  • Cubie HA, Cuschieri K. 2013. Understanding HPV tests and their appropriate applications. Cytopathology, 24(5): 289-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/cyt.12083.
  • Curmi C, Peters K, Salamonson Y. 2016. Barriers to cervical cancer screening experienced by lesbian women: a qualitative study. J Clin Nurs, 25: 3643-3651. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12947.
  • Deacon MR, Mooney-Somers J. 2017. Smoking prevalence among lesbian, bisexual and queer women in Sydney remains high: Analysis of trends and correlates. Drug Alcohol Rev, 36(4): 546-554. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12477.
  • Directorate General of Public Health. 2022. Breast cancer and mammography. URL: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/kanser-anasayfa (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • Esin A, Mıhçıokur S, Demir C, Kanal G. 2021. Sexual and reproductive health status analysis report in Turkey. Sexual & Reproductive Health Rights Platform. URL: https://dspace.ceid.org.tr/xmlui/handle/1/1651 (accessed date: October 3, 2023).
  • Fuzzell L, Fedesco HN, Alexander SC, Fortenberry JD, Shields CG. 2016. “I just think that doctors need to ask more questions”: Sexual minority and majority adolescents’ experiences talking about sexuality with healthcare providers. Patient Educ Counsel, 99(9): 1467-1472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.06.004.
  • Gates GJ. 2011. How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender? The Williams Inst, 2011: 1-9. URL: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/how-many-people-lgbt/ (accessed date: January 21, 2024).
  • Gregg I. 2018. The health care experiences of lesbian women becoming mothers. Nurs Women's Health, 22(1): 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2017.12.003.
  • Heard E, Oost E, McDaid L, Mutch A, Dean J, Fitzgerald L. 2020. How can HIV/STI testing services be more accessible and acceptable for gender and sexually diverse young people? A brief report exploring young people’s perspectives in Queensland. Health Promot J Australia, 31(1): 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.263.
  • Imborek K, Heide D, Phillips S. 2017. Lesbian and bisexual women. Trauma Resilience Health Promoy LGBT Patients, 2017: 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54509-7_12.
  • Kaos GL. 2015. 2014 report on hate crimes based on homophobia or transphobia in Turkey. URL: https://kaosgldernegi.org/images/library/2020nefret-suclari-raporu-2019-kucuk.pdf (accessed date: January 6, 2024).
  • Kaos GL. 2015. Lesbian health: Myths and facts booklet. URL: https://kaosgl.org/haber/lezbiyen-cinsel-sagligi-brosuru-internette (accessed date: January 13, 2024).
  • Karataş S, Buzlu S. 2018. Difficulties experienced by transgender individuals in receiving health services. Lectio Sci J Health Natur Sci, 2(2): 70-81.
  • Keleş Ş, Yılmaz Özpolat AG, Yalım NY. 2020. Psychiatrists' ethical discourses on gender identity and sexual orientation: A qualitative research. Turkish J Psychiatry, 31(1): 31-40. https://doi.org/10.5080/u23338.
  • Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Bruce C, McQuillan G, Kendrick J, Sutton M, Markowitz LE. 2007. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001–2004; associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health. Sex Transm Dis, 34(11): 864-869. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318074e565.
  • Malone J, Snguon S, Dean LT, Adams MA, Poteat T. 2019. Breast cancer screening and care among Black sexual minority women: A scoping review of the literature from 1990 to 2017. J Women's Health, 28(12): 1650-1660. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7127.
  • Nacar G. 2018. The relationship between level of breast cancer anxiety and early diagnosis behaviors in women. J Inonu Univ Vocat School Health Serv, 6(2): 44-53.
  • Onur Cura D, Çankaya T, Ülgenalp A. 2020. The role of genetic factors in gender dysphoria. Hitit Med J, 2(2): 49-55.
  • Orta İM, Camgöz SM. 2018. An overview of studies on homophobia in Turkey. Ankara Univ J Fac Lang History Geog, 58(1): 409-439. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2018.58.1.21.
  • Paschen-Wolff MM, Reddy V, Matebeni Z, Southey-Swartz I, Sandfort T. 2020. HIV and sexually transmitted infection knowledge among women who have sex with women in four Southern African countries. Cult Health Sexuality, 22(6): 705-721. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1629627.
  • Quinn GP, Sanchez JA, Sutton SK, Vadaparampil ST, Nguyen GT, Green BL, Schabath MB. 2015. Cancer and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) populations. CA Cancer J Clinicians, 65(5): 384-400. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21288.
  • Reiter PL, McRee AL. 2017. HPV infection among a population-based sample of sexual minority women from USA. Sex Transm Infect, 93(1): 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052536.
  • Roxburgh A, Lea T, de Wit J, Degenhardt L. 2016. Sexual identity and prevalence of alcohol and other drug use among Australians in the general population. Int J Drug Policy, 28: 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.11.005.
  • Sağlam F. 2019. An essay on the rules for all rights and freedoms in the universal declaration of human rights. Marmara Univ Fac Law J Legal Stud, 25(2): 1236-1252. https://doi.org/10.33433/maruhad.665522.
  • Sexual Education, Treatment and Research Association (CETAD). 2007. Advocacy project facts file on sexual and reproductive health through national and local media 5: women's sexuality. URL: https://www.cetad.org.tr/yayinlar/list/37/kadin-cinselligi (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • Skoulakis A, Fountas S, Mantzana-Peteinelli M, Pantelidi K, Petinaki E. 2019. Prevalence of human papillomavirus and subtype distribution in male partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis, 19(1): 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3805-x.
  • Smalley KB, Warren JC, Barefoot KN. 2018. Gender and sexual minority health: History, current state, and terminology. LGBT Health. RL: https://connect.springerpub.com/binary/sgrworks/694a314646d38ab4/d67ae8ddf4c7e71b2bbac0c8e6a2ee80d8a64fc7463fa7d011640657cbd92928/9780826133786_0001.pdf (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • Stewart K, O’Reilly P. 2017. Exploring the attitudes, knowledge and beliefs of nurses and midwives of the healthcare needs of the LGBTQ population: An integrative review. Nurse Educ Today, 53: 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.04.008.
  • T.C. Turkish Ministry of Health. 2017. Cancer Statistics in Turkey. URL: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/kanser-istatistikleri/yillar/2017-turkiye-kanser-i-statistikleri.html (accessed date: January 1, 2024).
  • T.C. Turkish Patient Rights Regulation. 2017. URL: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4847&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip =5 (accessed date: January 1, 2024).
  • Tadele G, Made WK. 2019. Health needs, health care seeking behaviour, and utilization of health services among lesbians, gays and bisexuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Equity Health, 18(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-0991-5.
  • Taşkın L, Erenel Şentürk A, Sözbir Yaman Ş, Gönenç Mİ, Dikmen Alan H, Çetinkaya Şimşek Ş. 2020. Sexual health/reproductive health-related problems of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in Turkey and their health-care needs. Florence Nightingale J Nurs, 28(1): 97-109. https://doi.org/10.5152/FNJN.2020.19032.
  • Tracy JK, Schluterman NH, Greenberg D. 2013. Understanding cervical cancer screening among lesbians: a national survey. BMC Pub Health, 13: 442. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-442.
  • TUİCAKADEMİ. 2021. Studies of International Organizations on LGBT Rights in Turkey and the World. URL: https://www.tuicakademi.org/turkiyede-ve-dunyada-lgbt-haklarina-yonelik-uluslararasi-orgutlerin-calismalari/ (accessed date: December 23, 2023).
  • Turkish Language Association. 2020. Current Turkish Dictionary. URL: https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • United Nations Population Fund. 2022. Sexual & reproductive health. URL: https://www.unfpa.org/sexual-reproductive-health#readmore-expand (accessed date: January 1, 2024).
  • Waterman L, Voss J. 2015. HPV, cervical cancer risks, and barriers to care for lesbian women. Nurse Pract, 40(1): 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NPR.0000457431.20036.5c.
  • Williams AD, Bleicher RJ, Ciocca RM. 2020. Breast cancer risk, screening, and prevalence among sexual minority women: an analysis of the National Health Interview Survey. LGBT Health, 7(2): 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2019.0274.
  • Wingo E, Ingraham N, Roberts ACM. 2018. Reproductive health care priorities and barriers to effective care for LGBTQ people assigned female at birth: A qualitative study. Women's Health Issues, 28(4): 350-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2018.03.002.
  • Workowski AK, Bachmann HL, Chan AP, Johnston MC, Muzny AC, Park I, Reano H, Zenilman MJ, Bolan AG. 2021. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep, 70(4): 1-187. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1.
  • World Health Organization. 2006. Defining sexual health: Report of a technical consultation on sexual health. URL: https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research/key-areas-of-work/sexual-health/defining-sexual-health (accessed date: December 23, 2023).
  • Yıldırım Y. 2018. Views and experiences of lesbian and bisexual women on sexual and reproductive health services. MSc Thesis, Mersin University, Institute of Social Sciences, Mersin, Türkiye, pp: 87.
  • Yılmaz G. 2020. Europeanization of Turkey and LGBTI rights. Ankara J European Stud, 19(1): 301-325. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.771089.
  • Yılmaz V, Göçmen İ. 2015. Summary results of the research on social and economic problems of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals in Turkey. URL: https://docplayer.biz.tr/53382534 Turkiye-de-lezbiyen-gey-biseksuel-ve-trans-lgbt-bireylerin-sosyal-ve-ekonomik-sorunlari-arastirmasinin-ozet-sonuclari.html (accessed date: December 23, 2023).

Women's Health and Reproductive Health Needs of Lesbian Individuals in Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 132 - 139, 01.05.2024

Demet Güney Esma Demirezen

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1428473

Öz

Health is a basic right that all individuals have from birth. The World Health Organization defines reproductive health as a state of complete mental, physical, social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or impotence, in all matters relating to the reproductive system, its functions, and processes. Reproductive health services include the freedom to have children, fertility, adolescent sexuality, unwanted pregnancies, unhealthy abortions, maternal and infant mortality, related disabilities, HIV/AIDS, and sexually transmitted diseases. LGBTQI+ includes different gender identities, and sexual orientations including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex. Gender is assigned at birth, based on chromosomal, hormonal, physical, or anatomical characteristics. However, sexual orientation is defined as the gender to which one's sexual impulses are oriented or the ongoing emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction to an individual of a particular gender. These groups face important existential problems, especially in developing, traditional lifestyle predominate countries or in Muslim countries like Türkiye. STDs and HIV/AIDS are among the diseases that can be treated in the lesbian population through expanded RHS. General gynecological, breast cancer should also be considered in protecting, and improving lesbian individual’s health. This study draws attention to women's health problems in Türkiye, including breast cancer and other gynecological health problems, as well as reproductive health problems of lesbian individuals. It aims to share LGBTI+ health care problems and in this context, to emphasize the women's health and reproductive health needs of midwives and nurses, lesbian individuals in Türkiye, which are generally practiced as a female profession in Türkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lesbian Women health Bisexual Cancer

Kaynakça

  • Ak F, Tekiner SA, Ceyhun Peker AG, Dağlı Z, Ungan M. 2013. What are the health issues of lesbians and bisexual women concerning family medicine/general practice. Eur J General Pract, 19(3): 178. https://doi.org/10.3109/13814788.2013.822859.
  • Akalın A. 2022. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection and current approaches in HPV vaccine. Androl Bul, 24: 133-139. https://doi.org/10.24898/tandro.2022.25993.
  • American Cancer Society. 2019. The American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Prevention and Early Detection of Cervical Cancer. URL: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/ cervical-cancer/ detection-diagnosis-staging/cervical-cancer-screening-guidelines.html (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • Amnesty International Türkiye Report. 2011. Not an illness nor a crime: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in Turkey demand Equality. URL: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur44/001/2011/en/ (accessed date: December 23, 2023).
  • Amnesty International. 2019. Women, LGBTI+, refugees and digital rights. Areas that have come to the fore in the last decade of the human rights struggle. URL: https://www.amnesty.org.tr/icerik/2010larin-insan-haklari-mucadeleleri (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • Aslaner Ç. 2019. Investigation of breast cancer prevention behaviors of women applying to a family health center using a mixed method. Specialty Thesis, İstanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Istanbul, Türkiye, pp: 106.
  • Beijing Declaration and Plan of Action. 1995. URL: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/kefe/docs/pekin.pdf (accessed date: December 21, 2023).
  • Bilgiç D, Şahin Hotun N. 2017. Reproductive health in lesbians. Türkiye Klin J Health Sci, 2(1): 30-39. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2015-48315.
  • Bjorkman M, Malterud K. 2009. Lesbian women's experiences with health care: A qualitative study. Scandinavian J Prim Health Care, 27: 238-243. https://doi.org/10.3109/02813430903226548.
  • Boehmer U, Miao X, Linkletter C, Clark MA. 2012. Adult health behaviors over the life course by sexual orientation. American J Pub Health, 102: 292-300. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300334.
  • CDC. 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: A guide to taking a sexual history. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services. URL: https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/sexualhistory.pdf (accessed date: December 12, 2023).
  • CDC. 2020. Centers for disease control and prevention: Healthy People 2020 Lesbian Health Fact Sheet. URL:
  • Çelik BG, Erciyes JC. 2021. Gender perception and prejudice a study on behaviors and attitudes towards LGBTI+ individuals. Aydın Health J, 7(3): 255-275.
  • Ceyhan B, Atakır K, Özevci G. 2022. Investigation of women's awareness of breast cancer screening methods in Turkey. World J Health Natur Sci, 5(2): 123-133. https://doi.org/10.56728/dustad.1206908.
  • Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye. 1982. URL: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=2709&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 (accessed date: January 1, 2024).
  • Council of Europe. 2011. LGBT Studies. URL: https://www.coe.int/t/commissioner/Source/LGBT/LGBTStudy2011_Turkish.pdf (accessed date: November 12, 2023).
  • Cubie HA, Cuschieri K. 2013. Understanding HPV tests and their appropriate applications. Cytopathology, 24(5): 289-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/cyt.12083.
  • Curmi C, Peters K, Salamonson Y. 2016. Barriers to cervical cancer screening experienced by lesbian women: a qualitative study. J Clin Nurs, 25: 3643-3651. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12947.
  • Deacon MR, Mooney-Somers J. 2017. Smoking prevalence among lesbian, bisexual and queer women in Sydney remains high: Analysis of trends and correlates. Drug Alcohol Rev, 36(4): 546-554. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12477.
  • Directorate General of Public Health. 2022. Breast cancer and mammography. URL: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/kanser-anasayfa (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • Esin A, Mıhçıokur S, Demir C, Kanal G. 2021. Sexual and reproductive health status analysis report in Turkey. Sexual & Reproductive Health Rights Platform. URL: https://dspace.ceid.org.tr/xmlui/handle/1/1651 (accessed date: October 3, 2023).
  • Fuzzell L, Fedesco HN, Alexander SC, Fortenberry JD, Shields CG. 2016. “I just think that doctors need to ask more questions”: Sexual minority and majority adolescents’ experiences talking about sexuality with healthcare providers. Patient Educ Counsel, 99(9): 1467-1472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.06.004.
  • Gates GJ. 2011. How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender? The Williams Inst, 2011: 1-9. URL: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/how-many-people-lgbt/ (accessed date: January 21, 2024).
  • Gregg I. 2018. The health care experiences of lesbian women becoming mothers. Nurs Women's Health, 22(1): 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2017.12.003.
  • Heard E, Oost E, McDaid L, Mutch A, Dean J, Fitzgerald L. 2020. How can HIV/STI testing services be more accessible and acceptable for gender and sexually diverse young people? A brief report exploring young people’s perspectives in Queensland. Health Promot J Australia, 31(1): 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.263.
  • Imborek K, Heide D, Phillips S. 2017. Lesbian and bisexual women. Trauma Resilience Health Promoy LGBT Patients, 2017: 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54509-7_12.
  • Kaos GL. 2015. 2014 report on hate crimes based on homophobia or transphobia in Turkey. URL: https://kaosgldernegi.org/images/library/2020nefret-suclari-raporu-2019-kucuk.pdf (accessed date: January 6, 2024).
  • Kaos GL. 2015. Lesbian health: Myths and facts booklet. URL: https://kaosgl.org/haber/lezbiyen-cinsel-sagligi-brosuru-internette (accessed date: January 13, 2024).
  • Karataş S, Buzlu S. 2018. Difficulties experienced by transgender individuals in receiving health services. Lectio Sci J Health Natur Sci, 2(2): 70-81.
  • Keleş Ş, Yılmaz Özpolat AG, Yalım NY. 2020. Psychiatrists' ethical discourses on gender identity and sexual orientation: A qualitative research. Turkish J Psychiatry, 31(1): 31-40. https://doi.org/10.5080/u23338.
  • Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Bruce C, McQuillan G, Kendrick J, Sutton M, Markowitz LE. 2007. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001–2004; associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health. Sex Transm Dis, 34(11): 864-869. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318074e565.
  • Malone J, Snguon S, Dean LT, Adams MA, Poteat T. 2019. Breast cancer screening and care among Black sexual minority women: A scoping review of the literature from 1990 to 2017. J Women's Health, 28(12): 1650-1660. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7127.
  • Nacar G. 2018. The relationship between level of breast cancer anxiety and early diagnosis behaviors in women. J Inonu Univ Vocat School Health Serv, 6(2): 44-53.
  • Onur Cura D, Çankaya T, Ülgenalp A. 2020. The role of genetic factors in gender dysphoria. Hitit Med J, 2(2): 49-55.
  • Orta İM, Camgöz SM. 2018. An overview of studies on homophobia in Turkey. Ankara Univ J Fac Lang History Geog, 58(1): 409-439. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2018.58.1.21.
  • Paschen-Wolff MM, Reddy V, Matebeni Z, Southey-Swartz I, Sandfort T. 2020. HIV and sexually transmitted infection knowledge among women who have sex with women in four Southern African countries. Cult Health Sexuality, 22(6): 705-721. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1629627.
  • Quinn GP, Sanchez JA, Sutton SK, Vadaparampil ST, Nguyen GT, Green BL, Schabath MB. 2015. Cancer and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) populations. CA Cancer J Clinicians, 65(5): 384-400. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21288.
  • Reiter PL, McRee AL. 2017. HPV infection among a population-based sample of sexual minority women from USA. Sex Transm Infect, 93(1): 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052536.
  • Roxburgh A, Lea T, de Wit J, Degenhardt L. 2016. Sexual identity and prevalence of alcohol and other drug use among Australians in the general population. Int J Drug Policy, 28: 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.11.005.
  • Sağlam F. 2019. An essay on the rules for all rights and freedoms in the universal declaration of human rights. Marmara Univ Fac Law J Legal Stud, 25(2): 1236-1252. https://doi.org/10.33433/maruhad.665522.
  • Sexual Education, Treatment and Research Association (CETAD). 2007. Advocacy project facts file on sexual and reproductive health through national and local media 5: women's sexuality. URL: https://www.cetad.org.tr/yayinlar/list/37/kadin-cinselligi (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • Skoulakis A, Fountas S, Mantzana-Peteinelli M, Pantelidi K, Petinaki E. 2019. Prevalence of human papillomavirus and subtype distribution in male partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis, 19(1): 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3805-x.
  • Smalley KB, Warren JC, Barefoot KN. 2018. Gender and sexual minority health: History, current state, and terminology. LGBT Health. RL: https://connect.springerpub.com/binary/sgrworks/694a314646d38ab4/d67ae8ddf4c7e71b2bbac0c8e6a2ee80d8a64fc7463fa7d011640657cbd92928/9780826133786_0001.pdf (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • Stewart K, O’Reilly P. 2017. Exploring the attitudes, knowledge and beliefs of nurses and midwives of the healthcare needs of the LGBTQ population: An integrative review. Nurse Educ Today, 53: 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.04.008.
  • T.C. Turkish Ministry of Health. 2017. Cancer Statistics in Turkey. URL: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/kanser-istatistikleri/yillar/2017-turkiye-kanser-i-statistikleri.html (accessed date: January 1, 2024).
  • T.C. Turkish Patient Rights Regulation. 2017. URL: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4847&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip =5 (accessed date: January 1, 2024).
  • Tadele G, Made WK. 2019. Health needs, health care seeking behaviour, and utilization of health services among lesbians, gays and bisexuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Equity Health, 18(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-0991-5.
  • Taşkın L, Erenel Şentürk A, Sözbir Yaman Ş, Gönenç Mİ, Dikmen Alan H, Çetinkaya Şimşek Ş. 2020. Sexual health/reproductive health-related problems of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in Turkey and their health-care needs. Florence Nightingale J Nurs, 28(1): 97-109. https://doi.org/10.5152/FNJN.2020.19032.
  • Tracy JK, Schluterman NH, Greenberg D. 2013. Understanding cervical cancer screening among lesbians: a national survey. BMC Pub Health, 13: 442. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-442.
  • TUİCAKADEMİ. 2021. Studies of International Organizations on LGBT Rights in Turkey and the World. URL: https://www.tuicakademi.org/turkiyede-ve-dunyada-lgbt-haklarina-yonelik-uluslararasi-orgutlerin-calismalari/ (accessed date: December 23, 2023).
  • Turkish Language Association. 2020. Current Turkish Dictionary. URL: https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (accessed date: January 23, 2024).
  • United Nations Population Fund. 2022. Sexual & reproductive health. URL: https://www.unfpa.org/sexual-reproductive-health#readmore-expand (accessed date: January 1, 2024).
  • Waterman L, Voss J. 2015. HPV, cervical cancer risks, and barriers to care for lesbian women. Nurse Pract, 40(1): 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NPR.0000457431.20036.5c.
  • Williams AD, Bleicher RJ, Ciocca RM. 2020. Breast cancer risk, screening, and prevalence among sexual minority women: an analysis of the National Health Interview Survey. LGBT Health, 7(2): 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2019.0274.
  • Wingo E, Ingraham N, Roberts ACM. 2018. Reproductive health care priorities and barriers to effective care for LGBTQ people assigned female at birth: A qualitative study. Women's Health Issues, 28(4): 350-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2018.03.002.
  • Workowski AK, Bachmann HL, Chan AP, Johnston MC, Muzny AC, Park I, Reano H, Zenilman MJ, Bolan AG. 2021. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep, 70(4): 1-187. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1.
  • World Health Organization. 2006. Defining sexual health: Report of a technical consultation on sexual health. URL: https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research/key-areas-of-work/sexual-health/defining-sexual-health (accessed date: December 23, 2023).
  • Yıldırım Y. 2018. Views and experiences of lesbian and bisexual women on sexual and reproductive health services. MSc Thesis, Mersin University, Institute of Social Sciences, Mersin, Türkiye, pp: 87.
  • Yılmaz G. 2020. Europeanization of Turkey and LGBTI rights. Ankara J European Stud, 19(1): 301-325. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.771089.
  • Yılmaz V, Göçmen İ. 2015. Summary results of the research on social and economic problems of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals in Turkey. URL: https://docplayer.biz.tr/53382534 Turkiye-de-lezbiyen-gey-biseksuel-ve-trans-lgbt-bireylerin-sosyal-ve-ekonomik-sorunlari-arastirmasinin-ozet-sonuclari.html (accessed date: December 23, 2023).
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlığın Geliştirilmesi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Demet Güney 0000-0002-4290-9189

Esma Demirezen 0000-0002-9992-3264

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 19 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Güney, D., & Demirezen, E. (2024). Women’s Health and Reproductive Health Needs of Lesbian Individuals in Türkiye. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 7(3), 132-139. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1428473
AMA Güney D, Demirezen E. Women’s Health and Reproductive Health Needs of Lesbian Individuals in Türkiye. BSJ Health Sci. Mayıs 2024;7(3):132-139. doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1428473
Chicago Güney, Demet, ve Esma Demirezen. “Women’s Health and Reproductive Health Needs of Lesbian Individuals in Türkiye”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 7, sy. 3 (Mayıs 2024): 132-39. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1428473.
EndNote Güney D, Demirezen E (01 Mayıs 2024) Women’s Health and Reproductive Health Needs of Lesbian Individuals in Türkiye. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 7 3 132–139.
IEEE D. Güney ve E. Demirezen, “Women’s Health and Reproductive Health Needs of Lesbian Individuals in Türkiye”, BSJ Health Sci., c. 7, sy. 3, ss. 132–139, 2024, doi: 10.19127/bshealthscience.1428473.
ISNAD Güney, Demet - Demirezen, Esma. “Women’s Health and Reproductive Health Needs of Lesbian Individuals in Türkiye”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 7/3 (Mayıs 2024), 132-139. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1428473.
JAMA Güney D, Demirezen E. Women’s Health and Reproductive Health Needs of Lesbian Individuals in Türkiye. BSJ Health Sci. 2024;7:132–139.
MLA Güney, Demet ve Esma Demirezen. “Women’s Health and Reproductive Health Needs of Lesbian Individuals in Türkiye”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, c. 7, sy. 3, 2024, ss. 132-9, doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1428473.
Vancouver Güney D, Demirezen E. Women’s Health and Reproductive Health Needs of Lesbian Individuals in Türkiye. BSJ Health Sci. 2024;7(3):132-9.
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