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Yıl 2015, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1, 25 - 51, 01.03.2015

Faruk Ay

Öz

Humankind is in an effort to increase the yield and to obtain high quality products in agricultural fields from very ancient times until today. For this purpose, the use of chemical fertilizers has been one of the methods referenced for a long time. With the chemical fertilization, the plants can use some inorganic food materials but the remaining part which is not used by plants creates ecological problems by mixing with underground water resources, sea waters and lakes. Therefore, the use of organic materials is becoming increasingly important in agriculture. The beneficial effects on the plant growth of humic and fulvic acids which are the most important soil organic matters has been determined with many investigation. It is known that these humic substances affect the physical, chemical and microbiological features of the soils as well as the plant growth. Many regions in Turkey contain lignite and peat reserves. 8.4 billion tons of lignite reserve has been determined in Turkey. In general, this sort of coals has been used in heating and hydroelectric power plants. However, lignite used in these methods cannot provide high quality yield. The idea of the usage of low-calorie lignite reserves for the economical evaluation and enrichment of the country soils is increasingly remarkable

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lignite humic acid fulvik acid compost

Kaynakça

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HÜMİK ASİT VE HÜMİK ASİT KAYNAKLARININ ÖNEMİ

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1, 25 - 51, 01.03.2015

Faruk Ay

Öz

İnsanoğlu tarımsal alanda verimi arttırmak ve kaliteli ürün elde etmek için çok eski çağlardan günümüze değin bir çaba içerisindedir. Bu amaca yönelik olarak kimyasal gübre kullanımı uzun zamandan beri başvurulan yöntemlerden biridir. Kimyasal gübreleme ile bitkiler bazı inorganik besin maddelerini bu yolla temin edebilmekte fakat toprağa karıştırılan kimyasal gübreler bitki tarafından yeterince kullanılamamakta, bitki tarafından kullanılmayan kısım yağmur, kar ve sulama suyu vasıtasıyla topraktan uzaklaşıp yer altı kaynak sularına, denizlere, göllere karışarak önemli ekolojik sorunlara neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle tarımda organik madde kullanımı giderek önem kazanmaktadır. En önemli toprak organik maddelerinden olan hümik asit ve fulvik asidin bitki gelişimi üzerindeki yararlı etkileri yapılan pek çok araştırmayla belirlenmiştir. Bu hümik maddelerin toprağın fiziksel, kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik özelliklerini, dolayısıyla da bitki gelişimini etkilediği bilinmektedir.

Ülkemizin birçok bölgesinde linyit ve turba rezervleri bulunmaktadır. Türkiye’de yaklaşık 8,4 milyar ton linyit rezervi saptanmıştır. Bu tür kömürler genellikle ısınma ve Hidroelektrik Santrallerinde kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bu yöntemlerde kullanılan linyitlerden fazla miktarda verim sağlanamamaktadır. Topraklarımızın kimyasal gübreler sonucu oluşan deformasyonunu ve verimini artırmak için, ülkemizin birçok alanında bulunan özellikle düşük kalorili linyit yataklarının ekonomik açıdan değerlendirilmesi ve ülkemizin topraklarının zenginleştirilmesi için gerekli olan organik gübre (Hümik Asit) üretiminde kullanılması daha yararlı olacağı görüşü gittikçe dikkat çekici olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Linyit, hümik asit, fülvik asit, organik gübre.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Linyit hümik asit fülvik asit organik gübre

Kaynakça

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  • Bhardwaj, K.K. ve Gaur, A.C., Studies on the growth stimulating action of humic acid on bacteria. 2000.
  • Xu, H., Lesage, S., Durham, L. ve Novakowski, K., in Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Symposium on Groundwater and Soil Remediation; Calgary Alberta: 1994, Sep. 21-23; 635-646.
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  • Çalışır, M., Akpınar, A., Dizman, M. ve Tutar, A., Oral Aftöz Ülserler Üzerinde Hümik Asidin Etkileri: Bir Vaka Raporu. SAÜ Fen Edebiyat Dergisi, 2012; 119-130.
  • Pflug, W. ve Ziechman, W., Humic acids and the disruption of bacterial cell walls by lysozyme. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1982; 14, 165-166.
  • Thiel, K.D., Klöcking, R., Schweizer, H. ve Sprossig, M., In vitro studies of the antiviral activity of ammonium humate against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. German Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 1977; 239: 304-321.
  • Sydow, G., Wunderlich, V., Klöcking, R. ve Helbig, B., The Effect of Phenolic Polymers on Retroviruses.Pharmazie, 1986; 41(12), 865-868.
  • Klöcking, R. ve Sprossig, M., Antiviral properties of humic acids. Experientia 28: 1972; 607-608.
  • Klöcking, R., Thiel, K. D., Wutzler, P., Helbig, B. ve Drabke, P., Antiviral Activity of Phenolic Polymers Against Type 1 Herpesvirus Hominis, Pharmazie, 1978; 33(8), 539.
  • Cushman, M., Wang, P., Chang, S. H., Wild, C., De Clercq, E., Schols, D., Goldman, M. E. ve Bowen, J. A., Preparation and Anti—HIV Activities of Aurintricarboxylic Acid Fractions and Analogues: Direct Correlation of Antiviral Potency With Molecular Weight. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1991; 34(1), 329-337.
  • Mentel, R., Helbig, B., Klöcking, R., Dohner, L. ve Sprossig, M., Effectiveness of Phenol Body Polymers Against In?uenza Virus A/Krasno dar/101/59H2N2. Biomed. Biochim. Acta, 1983; 42(10), 1353-1356.
  • Hils, J., May, A., Sperber, M., Klocking, R., Helbig, B. ve Sprossig, M., Biomed. Biochim. Acta, 1986; 45(9), 1173-1179.
  • Thiel, K. D., Wutzler, P., Helbig, B., Klöcking, R., Sprossig, M. ve Schweizer, H., Antiviral Effect of Enzymatically and Nonenzymatically Oxidized Caffeic and Hydrocaffeic Acids Against Herpesvirus Hominis Type 1 and Type 2 in vitr. Pharmazie, 1984; 39(11), 781-782.
  • Woyton, J., Gabrys, M., Bielanow, T., Zimmer, M., Sokalski, J., Geneja, R. ve Zborowski M., Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz), 1993; 41(1), 99-103.
  • Klöcking, R., Sprössig M, Witzler P, Thiel K.D. ve Helbig B., Antiviral wirksame huminsaureahnliche Polymere. Z Physiother. 33: 1983; 95-101.
  • Laub, R., Laub developing humate with anti-HIV, HSV, HPV and other antiviral activity. Biotechnology Information Institute. Antiviral Drug and Vaccine Development Information, 2000; Vol. 12, No. 2. ISBN 0897-9871.
  • Riede, U. N., Jonas, I., Kirn, B., Usener, U. H., Kreutz, W. ve Schlickewey, W., Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg., 1992; 111(5), 259-264.
  • Klöcking, R., Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 1991; 14, 166-169.
  • Inglot, A. D., Zielinksa-Jenczylik, J. ve Piasecki, E., Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz), 1993; 41(1), 73-80.
  • Yamada, E., Ozaki, T. ve Kimura, M., Determination and behavior of humic substances as precursors of trihalomethane in environmental water. Anal. Sci. 14: 1998; 327-332.
  • Klöcking, R., Humic substances in the global environment and implications in human health. Monopoli, 1992; p. 129.
  • Gadzhieva, N.Z., Tsoi E.P.,Turovskaia S.I. ve Ammosova, I.M., The antibacterial activity of a humic preparation made from the therapeutic peat mud of the Dzalal Abad deposit in Kirgizia. Naucn. Dokl. Vyss. Skoly Biol. Nauki 10: 1991; 109-113.
  • Ansorg, R., ve Rochus, W., Studies on the antimicrobial effect of natural and synthetic humic acids. Arzeimittelforschung, 28: 1978; 2195-2198.
  • Skliar, T.V., Krysenko, A.V., Gavriliuk, V.G. ve Vinnikov, A.I., A comparison of the developmental characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Staphylococcus aureus cultures on nutrient media of different compositions. Mikrobiol. Z. 60: 1998; 25-30.
  • Thiel, K.D., Helbig, B., Klöcking, R., Wutzler, P., Sprossig, M. ve Schweizer, H., Comparison of the in vitro activities of ammonium humate and of enzymically oxidized chlorogenic and caffeic acids against type 1 and type 2 human herpes virus. Pharmazie 36: 1981; 50-53.
  • Schiller, F., Klöcking, R., Wutzler, P. ve Farber, I., Results of an oriented clinical trial of ammonium humate for the local treatment of herpesvirus hominis infections. Dermatol. Monatsschr. 165: 1979; 505-509.
  • Klöcking, R., Helbig, B., Schotz, G., Schacke, M. ve Wutzler, P., Anti-HSV-1 activity of synthetic humic acid-like polymers derived from p-diphenolic starting compounds. Antivir. Chem. Chemother. 13: 2002; 241-249.
  • Schneider, J., Weis, R. ve Manner, C., Inhibition of HIV-1 in cell culture by synthetic humate analogues derived from hydroquinone: mechanism of inhibition. Virology 218: 1996; 389-395.
  • Van Rensburg, C.E., Dekker, J., Weis, R., Smith, T.L., Van Rensburg, J. ve Schneider, J., Investigation of the anti-HIV properties of oxihumate. Chemotherapy 48: 2002;138-143.
  • Joone, G.K., Dekker, J. ve Van Rensburg, C.E., Investigation of the immunostimulatory properties of oxihumate. Z. Naturforsch. 2003; 58:263-267.
  • Ho, K.J., Liu, T.K., Huang, T.S. ve Lu, F.J., Humic acid mediates iron release from ferritin and promotes lipid peroxidation in vitro: a possible mechanism for humic acid-induced cytotoxicity. Arch. Toxicol. 2003; 77: 100-109.
  • Kuhnert, M., Fuchs, V., Knauf, H. ve Knoll, U., Arch. Exp. Veterinarmed, 1985; 39(3), 344-349.
  • Hampl, J., Herzig, I. ve Vlcek, J., Pharmacokinetics of sodium humate in chickens Vet. Med. (Praha), 1994: 39(6), 305-313.
  • Ridwan, F.N.I., Molnaru, S. ve Rochus, W., Untersuchungen zur Huminsäurenabsorption. Naturwissenschaften, 1978; 65, 539.
  • Golbs, S., Fuchs, V., Kühnertu, M. ve Polo, C., Pränataltoxikologische Testung von Huminsäuren an Laboratoriumsratten. Arch. Exp. Vet. Med. 1982; 36, 179-185.
  • Gerçeker, A., Production of fertilizer from peat, A master thesis Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara: 1973.
  • Gürüz, K., Kömürden azotlu gübre üretimi. I. Ulusal Kömür kongresi. Ankara: 1976.
  • Gürüz, K. ve Üney, M., Elbistan Linyitinden Amonyum nitrohümat Üretimi, TÜBİTAK Projesi MAG-427, 1977.
  • Tan, K.H. ve Falcon, R.A.L., Effect of Fulvic and Humic Acids in Nitrification, Part 1: in Vitro Production of Nitrite and Nitrate. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 1987, 18(8):835-853.
  • Sözüdoğru, S., Kütük, A.C., Yalçın. R. ve Usta, S., Hümik Asitin Fasülye Bitkisinin Gelişimi ve Besin Maddeleri Alımı Üzerine etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No: 1452, Bilimsel Araştırma ve İncelemeler: 800, Ankara: 1996.
  • Çaycı, G., Ataman, Y., Ünver, İ. ve Munsuz, N., Distribution of peat deposits in Anatolia and their horticultural values. Acta Horticulture, 1989; 238:189-196.
  • Usta S., Sözüdoğru S. ve Çaycı G., Ülkemizdeki Bazı Peat ve Peat Benzeri Materyallerin Kimyasal Özellikleri İle Humik ve Fulvik Asit Kapsamları Üzerine Bir araştırma. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 1996; 20:27-33.
  • Deveci, H., Bayrak, A., Kurbanlı, R., Amonyaklaştırılmış Düşük Kaliteli Linyitlerin Özelliklerinin ve Tarımda Kullanımının incelenmesi (Sözlü). XVII. UKK, 8-11 Eylül, İstanbul: 2003.
  • Yılmaz, E ve Alagöz, Z., Toprakta Agregat Oluşumu ve Stabilitesi. Selçuk. Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2005; 19(36): 78-86. 4.
  • Lisanti, L. ve Ziechmann, W., Bu Uyum Yeteneği Hümik Subtances. Agrochimica, 1976; 20(6):491-496.
  • Martin. F., Saitz-Jimenez, C. ve Cert, A., Pyrolysis-GAs Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Soil Humic Fractions: 1. The Low Boiling Point Compounds. Soil Science society of America Journal, 1977; 41 (6): 1114-1118.
  • Stevenson, F.J., Nature of Divalent Transition Metal Complexes of Humic Acids as Revealed by a Modified Potantiometric Titration-Method. Soil Science, 1977; 123(1): 10- 17.
  • Peker, C., Düşük Değerli Linyitlerden Azotlu Gübreler Hazırlanması. TÜBİTAK VII. Bilim Kongresi, Mühendislik Araştırma Grubu (Kimya Seksiyonu), 1980; s: 557-568.
  • Kowalski, R. ve Davies, G.F., Silis İçeriği Triticum aestivum L. ile ilgili olarak Hümik Asit İçeriği Toprakta. Bitki ve Toprak, 1982; (1): 139-141.
  • Ricca, G., Reperico, L. ve Astori Gallo, R., Investigations of Humic Acid Leonardite by Spectroscopic Methods and Thermal Analysis. Geoderma, 1983; 57(3): 263-274.
  • Skujins, J. ve Richardson, B.Z., Humic Matter Enrichment in Reclimed Soils under Semiarid Conditions. Geomicrobiology Journal 1985; 4(3): 299-311.
  • Piccola, A., Characteristics of soil humic extracts obtained by some organic ve inorganic solvents ve purifıed by HCl-HF treatment. Soil Sci. 146:418-426. on yields of yellow lupin. Zesz. Nauk. Wyzsz. Szk. Roln. Olsztyn, 1989; 25.
  • Barnard, R. O., Watt, H. H, Van der., Dekker, J., Cronge, I., Mentz, W. H., Cillie, G. E. B., Laker, M. C. ve Van der Watt, H. H., Application of Fe and Zn to Lime-rich Soils in the Form of Formulated Coal Products. Science of the Total Environment, 1992; 117-118, 569-574.
  • Lobartini, J.C., Tan, K.H., Rema, J.A., Gingle, A.R., Pape, C. ve Himmelsbach, D.S., The Geochemical Nature and Agricultural Importance of Commercial Humic Matter. Science of Total Environment, 1992; 113(1–2): 1–15.
  • Varshovi, A. ve Sartain, J.B., Chemical Characteristics and Microbial Degredation of Humate. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analyses, 1993; 24(17-18): 2493- 2505.
  • Senesi, N., Miano, T.M. ve Brunetti, G., Humic-like substances in organic amendments and effects on native soil humic substances. In: Piccolo A., (ed.) Humic substances in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Amsterdam, Elsevier, Amsterdam: 1996; Ch. 14, 531-593.
  • Depel, G., Düşük Değerli Linyitin Tarımda Kullanılma Olanağı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: 2000, (Yayınlanmamış).
  • Güçdemir, İ.H., Türkiye Gübre ve Gübreleme Rehberi, 5. Baskı., Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, TAGEM, Toprak ve Gübre Arş. Ens. Müd., G.Yayın no:231, Teknik yayın no:T.69, Ankara: 2006.
  • Karaman, M.R., Brohi, A.R., Günes, A., İnal, A. ve Alpaslan, M., Yöresel Değişik Azotlu Gübre Uygulamalarının Tokat bölgesinde Yetistirilen Bazı Kıslık Akümülasyonuna Etkisi. Tur J Agric For, 2000, 24; 1-9.
Toplam 106 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Editöriyal
Yazarlar

Faruk Ay

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ay, F. (2015). HÜMİK ASİT VE HÜMİK ASİT KAYNAKLARININ ÖNEMİ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 36(1), 25-51.
AMA Ay F. HÜMİK ASİT VE HÜMİK ASİT KAYNAKLARININ ÖNEMİ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. Mart 2015;36(1):25-51.
Chicago Ay, Faruk. “HÜMİK ASİT VE HÜMİK ASİT KAYNAKLARININ ÖNEMİ”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 36, sy. 1 (Mart 2015): 25-51.
EndNote Ay F (01 Mart 2015) HÜMİK ASİT VE HÜMİK ASİT KAYNAKLARININ ÖNEMİ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 36 1 25–51.
IEEE F. Ay, “HÜMİK ASİT VE HÜMİK ASİT KAYNAKLARININ ÖNEMİ”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 36, sy. 1, ss. 25–51, 2015.
ISNAD Ay, Faruk. “HÜMİK ASİT VE HÜMİK ASİT KAYNAKLARININ ÖNEMİ”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 36/1 (Mart 2015), 25-51.
JAMA Ay F. HÜMİK ASİT VE HÜMİK ASİT KAYNAKLARININ ÖNEMİ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2015;36:25–51.
MLA Ay, Faruk. “HÜMİK ASİT VE HÜMİK ASİT KAYNAKLARININ ÖNEMİ”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 36, sy. 1, 2015, ss. 25-51.
Vancouver Ay F. HÜMİK ASİT VE HÜMİK ASİT KAYNAKLARININ ÖNEMİ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2015;36(1):25-51.