Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 2, 164 - 201, 29.12.2022

Senem Atvur Buse Esin Çağla Vural

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AGEB AG Energiebilanzen. 2020. “Energy Consumption Drops to Historic Low Level.” No. 7. Press Release. Available at: https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/3-1-Press-Releases.html (accessed 22.10.2022)
  • Arısoy, C. 2016. “Ekolojik Siyaset: Almanya Yeşiller Partisi.” EURO Politika 1: 88-91.
  • Arnold, A., Böhm, G., Corner, A., et al. 2017. European Perceptions of Climate Change. Socio-Political Profiles toInform a Cross-National Survey in France, Germany, Norway and the UK. Cardiff: Cardiff University.
  • Barnett, J. 2013. “Environmental Security.” In Contemporary Security Studies, editör A. Collins, 229-247. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Braun, S. 2020. “Does Germany's weak climate plan reflect a polarized public?” 9.10.2020. DW. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/does-germanys-weak-climate-plan-reflect-a-polarized-public/a-50681461 (accessed 3.02.2021).
  • BDEW. 2020. Energy Market Germany 2020. Available at: https://www.bdew.de/media/documents/Energiemarkt_Deutschland_2020_englisch.pdf (accessed 21.10.2022).
  • Buschmann, P., Oels, A. 2019. “The overlooked role of discourse in breaking carbon lock-in: The case of the German energy transition.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Climate Change 10(3).
  • CDU. 2021. “Klimaschutz & Wachstum: Das geht zusammen.” Available at: https://www.cdu.de/artikel/positionen-des-cdu-praesidiums-fuer-ein-klimaneutrales-deutschland (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • CLEW. 2018. “Germany aims to put climate into focus at UN Security Council.” 21 December. Available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-aims-put-climate-focus-un-security-council (accessed 21.10.2022).
  • Climate Action Tracker. 2019. “Germany.” Available at: https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/germany/2019-12-02/ (accessed 23.10.2022). Climate Change Act 2021. 2021. “Intergenerational contract for the climate.” Die Bundesregireund. Available at: https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/klimaschutz/climate-change-act-2021-1913970 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Climate Diplomacy. n.d.a. “Climate Change and Security at the UN.” Available at: https://www.climate-diplomacy.org/the-initiative/climate-change-and-security-un (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Climate Diplomacy. n.d.b. “Climate change as a security risk: How Germany should address climate change at the UNSC.” Available at: https://www.climate-diplomacy.org/news/climate-change-security-risk-how-germany-should-address-climate-change-unsc (accessed 21.10.2022).
  • Detraz, N., Betsill, M. M. 2009. “Climate Change and Environmental Security: For Whom the Discourse Shifts.” International Studies Perspectives 10(3): 303–320.
  • Deutscher Bundestag. 2020. 19/24432. 18.11.2020. Available at: https://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/19/244/1924432.pdf (accessed 22.10.2022).
  • Deutscher Wetterdienst DWD. 2017. “Klimastatusbericht 2017.” Available at: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/klimastatusbericht/publikationen/ksb_2017.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Dewan, A. 2021. “Germany's deadly floods were up to 9 times more likely because of climate change, study estimates.” CNN World. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/23/europe/germany-floods-belgium-climate-change-intl/index.html (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Diez, T., Von Lucke, F., Wellmann, Z. 2016. The Securitisation of Climate Change: Actors, processes and consequences. Oxon, New York: Routledge.
  • DW. 2017. “Almanya’nın Siyasi Partileri (Political parties of Germany).” 24 September. Available at: https://www.dw.com/tr/almanyan%C4%B1n-siyasi-partileri/a-39185734 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety. 2016a. “Adaptation to Climate Change Initial Progress Report by the Federal Government on Germany’s Adaptation Strategy.” April. Available at: https://www.bmuv.de/en/publication/adaptation-to-climate-change-initial-progress-report-by-the-federal-government-on-germanys-adaptation-strategy (accessed 23.10.2022). Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety. 2016b. “Climate Action Plan 2050.” Available at: https://www.bmuv.de/en/publication/climate-action-plan-2050-en (accessed 22.10.2022).
  • Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety. 2016c. Division KI I 1, Climate Action Plan 2050: Principles and goals of the German government's climate policy. Berlin: BMUB.
  • Federal Ministry of Finance. 2019. “Key elements of the Climate Action Programme 2030.” Available at: https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/issues/climate-action/klimaschutzprogramm-2030-1674080 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature, Conservation and Nuclear Safety. 2020. “Europe” Available at: https://www.bmuv.de/en/topics/europe-international (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Federal ministry of the Environment, Nature, Conservative and Nuclear Safety. 2014. “Background paper: Climate Action Programme 2020.” 4 December Available at: https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Aktionsprogramm_Klimaschutz/aktionsprogramm_klimaschutz_2020_hintergrund_en_bf.pdf (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Fitzgerals M, Angerer, C., Smith, P. 2021. “Almost 200 dead, many still missing after floods as Germany counts devastating cost.” NBC News. Available at https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/almost-200-dead-many-still-missing-after-floods-germany-counts-n1274330 (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Floyd, R., Matthew, R. A. 2013. Environmental Security Studies: Approaches and Issues. Oxon: Routledge.
  • German Information Centre Africa. 2018. “United Nations: Germany initiates Group of Friends on Climate and Security.” Available at: https://germanyinafrica.diplo.de/zadz-en/-/2125894 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • German Federal Foreign Office. 2019. “Improving the Climate for Peace Berlin Call for Action.” Available at: https://climate-diplomacy.org/sites/default/files/2020-10/Berlin%20Call%20for%20Action_04%20June%202019%20%282%29.pdf. (accessed 22.10.2022).
  • German Federal Foreign Office. n.d. “Berlin Climate and Security Conference 2020.” Available at: https://berlin-climate-security-conference.de/watch-bcsc-2020 (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Global Carbon Atlas. 2019. Territorial (MtCO₂). Available at: http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Halser, C., Paraschiv, F. 2022. “Pathways to Overcoming Natural Gas Dependency on Russia—The German Case.” Energies 15(4939).
  • Hessler, U. 2019. “German wind energy stalls amid public resistance and regulatory hurdles.” DW. 9.09.2019. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/german-wind-energy-stalls-amid-public-resistance-and-regulatory-hurdles/a-50280676 (accessed 2.09.2021). Iklim Haber. 2020. “Almanya 2020 İklim Hedefine Covid-19 ile Ulaşabilecek (Germany Will Reach the 2020 Climate Goal with Covid-19).” 20.08.2020. Available at: https://www.iklimhaber.org/almanya-2020-iklim-hedefine-covid-19-ile-ulasabilecek/ (accessed 23.10.2022). IPCC. 2021. “Summary for Policymakers.” In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
  • IRENA. 2020. “Country Rankings” Available at: https://www.irena.org/Statistics/View-Data-by-Topic/Capacity-and-Generation/Country-Rankings (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Kehse, U. 2017. “A new report summarizes how climate change is affecting the water cycle in Germany.” Phys. March 27. Available at: https://phys.org/news/2017-03-climate-affecting-germany.html (accessed 22.10.2022).
  • Leipprand, A., Flachsland, C. 2018. “Regime destabilization in energy transitions: The German debate on the future of coal.” Energy Research & Social Science 40: 190-204.
  • Liu, Z., Ciais, P., Deng Z. et al. 2020. “Near-real-time monitoring of global CO2 emissions reveals the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.” Nature Communications 11(5172).
  • McDonald, M. 2018. “Climate Change and Security: Towards Ecological Security?” International Theory 10(2): 153–180.
  • Oels, A. 2012. From securitization of climate change to climatizationof the security field: comparing three theoretical perspectives. In Climate change, human security and violent conflict, editor J. Scheffran, 185-205. Berlin: Springer.
  • Oroschakoff, K. 2020. “Coronavirus could help Germany hit its emissions goals.” Politico. 19.08.2020. Available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-could-help-germany-hit-its-emissions-goals/ (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations. n.d. “Germany: Member of the United Nations Security Council in 2019-20.” Available at: https://new-york-un.diplo.de/un-en/news-corner/sr-mitgliedschaft-2019/2313032 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Proctor, D. 2020. “Germany Brings Last New Coal Plant Online.” Power. 2.06.2020. Available at: https://www.powermag.com/germany-brings-last-new-coal-plant-online/ (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Reimer, N., Reimer, U. 2018. “A Brief History of the German National Reporting System on Climate Change.” April 2018. Available at: https://www.transparency-partnership.net/system/files/document/A%20brief%20history%20of%20the%20German%20national%20reporting%20system_0.pdf (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Schäfer, M. S. 2016. “Climate Change Communication in Germany.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Available at: https://oxfordre.com/climatescience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228620-e-448 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Smith, H. A. 2001. “Facing Environmental Security.” Journal Of Military and Strategic Studies 4(1): 36-49.
  • SPD. 2021. “Klımaschutz, Der Arbeıt Schafft. Scholz Packt Das An.” Available at: https://www.spd.de/zukunftsprogramm/klimaschutz/ (accessed 22.10.2022).
  • Statista. 2021. “Greenhouse gas emissions in Germany in 2019, by sector.” Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/989341/greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-sector-germany/ (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • The Climate Reality Project. 2018. 16 March. Available at: https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/how-climate-change-affecting-germany (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • The Federal Government. n.d. “Climate Action Programme 2030.” Available at: https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/issues/climate-action/klimaschutzprogramm-2030-1674080 (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Waldholz, R. 2019. “In Germany, the politics of climate change are shifting beneath Merkel’s feet.” The World. 24.09.2019. Available at: https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-09-24/germany-politics-climate-change-are-shifting-beneath-merkel-s-feet (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Wehrmann, B. 2019. “Germany’s 2030 climate action package.” CLEW. 14 October. Available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/germanys-2030-climate-action-package (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Wehrmann, B. 2020. “German government adopts higher CO2 starting price of 25 euros per tonne for transport and heating.” CLEW. 20.05.2020. Available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/german-government-adopts-higher-co2-starting-price-25-euros-tonne-transport-and-heating (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Wettengel, J. 2019. “Germany's right-wing populist AfD says climate action criticism to be major campaign issue.” CLEW. 30 September. Available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germanys-right-wing-populist-afd-says-climate-action-criticism-be-major-campaign-issue (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Wettengel, J. 2020. “Germany set to reach original 2020 climate target due to pandemic – researchers.” CLEW. 14.08.2020. Available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-set-reach-original-2020-climate-target-due-pandemic-researchers (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • White Paper On German Security Policy and the Future of the Bundeswehr. 2016.
  • World Weather Attribution. 2021. “Heavy rainfall which led to severe flooding in Western Europe made more likely by climate change.” 23 August. Available at: https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/heavy-rainfall-which-led-to-severe-flooding-in-western-europe-made-more-likely-by-climate-change/ (accessed 24.10.2022).

Germany's Climate Policies: Practices and Perspectives of Political Actors

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 2, 164 - 201, 29.12.2022

Senem Atvur Buse Esin Çağla Vural

Öz

This study aims to analyze Germany's climate change policies, and to reveal the perception of political actors towards the impacts of climate change. In this context, the policy documents on Germany's climate change strategy are examined in order to understand the political perspective towards climate change and its impacts. Moreover, it is argued that the contradictions regarding the implementation of climate policies depends on the changing priorities in energy practices. To reveal climate focus of Germany, representatives of main political actors, who have different interests in terms of climate action, were interviewed. In this regard, as the climate crisis poses a crucial threat for several referent objects such as state, global system, individual or ecosystems, this study discusses whether the differentiated perspectives of political actors affect the security orientation of climate policies and actions of Germany.

Anahtar Kelimeler

climate change germany security political actor

Kaynakça

  • AGEB AG Energiebilanzen. 2020. “Energy Consumption Drops to Historic Low Level.” No. 7. Press Release. Available at: https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/3-1-Press-Releases.html (accessed 22.10.2022)
  • Arısoy, C. 2016. “Ekolojik Siyaset: Almanya Yeşiller Partisi.” EURO Politika 1: 88-91.
  • Arnold, A., Böhm, G., Corner, A., et al. 2017. European Perceptions of Climate Change. Socio-Political Profiles toInform a Cross-National Survey in France, Germany, Norway and the UK. Cardiff: Cardiff University.
  • Barnett, J. 2013. “Environmental Security.” In Contemporary Security Studies, editör A. Collins, 229-247. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Braun, S. 2020. “Does Germany's weak climate plan reflect a polarized public?” 9.10.2020. DW. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/does-germanys-weak-climate-plan-reflect-a-polarized-public/a-50681461 (accessed 3.02.2021).
  • BDEW. 2020. Energy Market Germany 2020. Available at: https://www.bdew.de/media/documents/Energiemarkt_Deutschland_2020_englisch.pdf (accessed 21.10.2022).
  • Buschmann, P., Oels, A. 2019. “The overlooked role of discourse in breaking carbon lock-in: The case of the German energy transition.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Climate Change 10(3).
  • CDU. 2021. “Klimaschutz & Wachstum: Das geht zusammen.” Available at: https://www.cdu.de/artikel/positionen-des-cdu-praesidiums-fuer-ein-klimaneutrales-deutschland (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • CLEW. 2018. “Germany aims to put climate into focus at UN Security Council.” 21 December. Available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-aims-put-climate-focus-un-security-council (accessed 21.10.2022).
  • Climate Action Tracker. 2019. “Germany.” Available at: https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/germany/2019-12-02/ (accessed 23.10.2022). Climate Change Act 2021. 2021. “Intergenerational contract for the climate.” Die Bundesregireund. Available at: https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/klimaschutz/climate-change-act-2021-1913970 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Climate Diplomacy. n.d.a. “Climate Change and Security at the UN.” Available at: https://www.climate-diplomacy.org/the-initiative/climate-change-and-security-un (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Climate Diplomacy. n.d.b. “Climate change as a security risk: How Germany should address climate change at the UNSC.” Available at: https://www.climate-diplomacy.org/news/climate-change-security-risk-how-germany-should-address-climate-change-unsc (accessed 21.10.2022).
  • Detraz, N., Betsill, M. M. 2009. “Climate Change and Environmental Security: For Whom the Discourse Shifts.” International Studies Perspectives 10(3): 303–320.
  • Deutscher Bundestag. 2020. 19/24432. 18.11.2020. Available at: https://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/19/244/1924432.pdf (accessed 22.10.2022).
  • Deutscher Wetterdienst DWD. 2017. “Klimastatusbericht 2017.” Available at: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/klimastatusbericht/publikationen/ksb_2017.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Dewan, A. 2021. “Germany's deadly floods were up to 9 times more likely because of climate change, study estimates.” CNN World. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/23/europe/germany-floods-belgium-climate-change-intl/index.html (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Diez, T., Von Lucke, F., Wellmann, Z. 2016. The Securitisation of Climate Change: Actors, processes and consequences. Oxon, New York: Routledge.
  • DW. 2017. “Almanya’nın Siyasi Partileri (Political parties of Germany).” 24 September. Available at: https://www.dw.com/tr/almanyan%C4%B1n-siyasi-partileri/a-39185734 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety. 2016a. “Adaptation to Climate Change Initial Progress Report by the Federal Government on Germany’s Adaptation Strategy.” April. Available at: https://www.bmuv.de/en/publication/adaptation-to-climate-change-initial-progress-report-by-the-federal-government-on-germanys-adaptation-strategy (accessed 23.10.2022). Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety. 2016b. “Climate Action Plan 2050.” Available at: https://www.bmuv.de/en/publication/climate-action-plan-2050-en (accessed 22.10.2022).
  • Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety. 2016c. Division KI I 1, Climate Action Plan 2050: Principles and goals of the German government's climate policy. Berlin: BMUB.
  • Federal Ministry of Finance. 2019. “Key elements of the Climate Action Programme 2030.” Available at: https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/issues/climate-action/klimaschutzprogramm-2030-1674080 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature, Conservation and Nuclear Safety. 2020. “Europe” Available at: https://www.bmuv.de/en/topics/europe-international (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Federal ministry of the Environment, Nature, Conservative and Nuclear Safety. 2014. “Background paper: Climate Action Programme 2020.” 4 December Available at: https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Aktionsprogramm_Klimaschutz/aktionsprogramm_klimaschutz_2020_hintergrund_en_bf.pdf (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Fitzgerals M, Angerer, C., Smith, P. 2021. “Almost 200 dead, many still missing after floods as Germany counts devastating cost.” NBC News. Available at https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/almost-200-dead-many-still-missing-after-floods-germany-counts-n1274330 (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Floyd, R., Matthew, R. A. 2013. Environmental Security Studies: Approaches and Issues. Oxon: Routledge.
  • German Information Centre Africa. 2018. “United Nations: Germany initiates Group of Friends on Climate and Security.” Available at: https://germanyinafrica.diplo.de/zadz-en/-/2125894 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • German Federal Foreign Office. 2019. “Improving the Climate for Peace Berlin Call for Action.” Available at: https://climate-diplomacy.org/sites/default/files/2020-10/Berlin%20Call%20for%20Action_04%20June%202019%20%282%29.pdf. (accessed 22.10.2022).
  • German Federal Foreign Office. n.d. “Berlin Climate and Security Conference 2020.” Available at: https://berlin-climate-security-conference.de/watch-bcsc-2020 (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Global Carbon Atlas. 2019. Territorial (MtCO₂). Available at: http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Halser, C., Paraschiv, F. 2022. “Pathways to Overcoming Natural Gas Dependency on Russia—The German Case.” Energies 15(4939).
  • Hessler, U. 2019. “German wind energy stalls amid public resistance and regulatory hurdles.” DW. 9.09.2019. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/german-wind-energy-stalls-amid-public-resistance-and-regulatory-hurdles/a-50280676 (accessed 2.09.2021). Iklim Haber. 2020. “Almanya 2020 İklim Hedefine Covid-19 ile Ulaşabilecek (Germany Will Reach the 2020 Climate Goal with Covid-19).” 20.08.2020. Available at: https://www.iklimhaber.org/almanya-2020-iklim-hedefine-covid-19-ile-ulasabilecek/ (accessed 23.10.2022). IPCC. 2021. “Summary for Policymakers.” In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
  • IRENA. 2020. “Country Rankings” Available at: https://www.irena.org/Statistics/View-Data-by-Topic/Capacity-and-Generation/Country-Rankings (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Kehse, U. 2017. “A new report summarizes how climate change is affecting the water cycle in Germany.” Phys. March 27. Available at: https://phys.org/news/2017-03-climate-affecting-germany.html (accessed 22.10.2022).
  • Leipprand, A., Flachsland, C. 2018. “Regime destabilization in energy transitions: The German debate on the future of coal.” Energy Research & Social Science 40: 190-204.
  • Liu, Z., Ciais, P., Deng Z. et al. 2020. “Near-real-time monitoring of global CO2 emissions reveals the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.” Nature Communications 11(5172).
  • McDonald, M. 2018. “Climate Change and Security: Towards Ecological Security?” International Theory 10(2): 153–180.
  • Oels, A. 2012. From securitization of climate change to climatizationof the security field: comparing three theoretical perspectives. In Climate change, human security and violent conflict, editor J. Scheffran, 185-205. Berlin: Springer.
  • Oroschakoff, K. 2020. “Coronavirus could help Germany hit its emissions goals.” Politico. 19.08.2020. Available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-could-help-germany-hit-its-emissions-goals/ (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations. n.d. “Germany: Member of the United Nations Security Council in 2019-20.” Available at: https://new-york-un.diplo.de/un-en/news-corner/sr-mitgliedschaft-2019/2313032 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Proctor, D. 2020. “Germany Brings Last New Coal Plant Online.” Power. 2.06.2020. Available at: https://www.powermag.com/germany-brings-last-new-coal-plant-online/ (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Reimer, N., Reimer, U. 2018. “A Brief History of the German National Reporting System on Climate Change.” April 2018. Available at: https://www.transparency-partnership.net/system/files/document/A%20brief%20history%20of%20the%20German%20national%20reporting%20system_0.pdf (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Schäfer, M. S. 2016. “Climate Change Communication in Germany.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Available at: https://oxfordre.com/climatescience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228620-e-448 (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Smith, H. A. 2001. “Facing Environmental Security.” Journal Of Military and Strategic Studies 4(1): 36-49.
  • SPD. 2021. “Klımaschutz, Der Arbeıt Schafft. Scholz Packt Das An.” Available at: https://www.spd.de/zukunftsprogramm/klimaschutz/ (accessed 22.10.2022).
  • Statista. 2021. “Greenhouse gas emissions in Germany in 2019, by sector.” Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/989341/greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-sector-germany/ (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • The Climate Reality Project. 2018. 16 March. Available at: https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/how-climate-change-affecting-germany (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • The Federal Government. n.d. “Climate Action Programme 2030.” Available at: https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/issues/climate-action/klimaschutzprogramm-2030-1674080 (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Waldholz, R. 2019. “In Germany, the politics of climate change are shifting beneath Merkel’s feet.” The World. 24.09.2019. Available at: https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-09-24/germany-politics-climate-change-are-shifting-beneath-merkel-s-feet (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Wehrmann, B. 2019. “Germany’s 2030 climate action package.” CLEW. 14 October. Available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/germanys-2030-climate-action-package (accessed 24.10.2022).
  • Wehrmann, B. 2020. “German government adopts higher CO2 starting price of 25 euros per tonne for transport and heating.” CLEW. 20.05.2020. Available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/german-government-adopts-higher-co2-starting-price-25-euros-tonne-transport-and-heating (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Wettengel, J. 2019. “Germany's right-wing populist AfD says climate action criticism to be major campaign issue.” CLEW. 30 September. Available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germanys-right-wing-populist-afd-says-climate-action-criticism-be-major-campaign-issue (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • Wettengel, J. 2020. “Germany set to reach original 2020 climate target due to pandemic – researchers.” CLEW. 14.08.2020. Available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-set-reach-original-2020-climate-target-due-pandemic-researchers (accessed 23.10.2022).
  • White Paper On German Security Policy and the Future of the Bundeswehr. 2016.
  • World Weather Attribution. 2021. “Heavy rainfall which led to severe flooding in Western Europe made more likely by climate change.” 23 August. Available at: https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/heavy-rainfall-which-led-to-severe-flooding-in-western-europe-made-more-likely-by-climate-change/ (accessed 24.10.2022).
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Senem Atvur 0000-0003-3616-1749

Buse Esin 0000-0001-7134-7712

Çağla Vural 0000-0001-8474-2316

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Atvur, Senem, Buse Esin, ve Çağla Vural. “Germany’s Climate Policies: Practices and Perspectives of Political Actors”. Diplomasi Ve Strateji Dergisi 3, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 164-201.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Diplomasi ve Strateji Çalışmaları Derneği kurumsal yayınıdır.