Öz
Akdeniz Havzası’nın doğusunda kalan bölge, tarihin ve uygarlığın şekillendiği merkezi noktalardan biridir. Doğu Akdeniz bölgesi binlerce yıldır siyasi ve kültürel etkileşimlerin de beşiği olmuştur. Havza, sahip olduğu zengin kaynaklar ve ticaret yolları üzerindeki stratejik konumu ile çatışma ve rekabetin de odağında yer almıştır. Özellikle Ortadoğu bölgesinde petrolün bulunması, Süveyş Kanalı’nın açılması ile dünya ticaretinde yeni bir stratejik rotanın belirmesi Doğu Akdeniz havzasının önemini artırmıştır. Günümüzde ise Doğu Akdeniz’de petrol ve doğal gaz rezervlerinin keşfi, bölgesel ve küresel aktörlerin çıkar mücadelesinin yoğunlaşmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışma ise Doğu Akdeniz havzasını ekolojik güvenlik bağlamında ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın iddiası Doğu Akdeniz havzasında ekolojik güvenlik temelinde geliştirilecek politik yaklaşımların hem bölgenin doğasının korunmasında hem de devletler arasında çıkabilecek olası çatışmaları önlemede rol oynayabileceğidir. Güvenliğin temeline ekosistemlerin bütünlüğünü yerleştirmek Doğu Akdeniz’de sosyal ve ekonomik refahın sağlanması ve işbirliğinin geliştirilmesi yönünde yeni bir ivme kazandırabilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Doğu Akdeniz Ekolojik Güvenlik İklim Değişikliği Petrol Arama Eastern Mediterranean Ecological Security Climate Change Oil Exploitation
Kaynakça
- Atvur, S. 2016. “Ortadoğu’da Su ve Güvenlik.” İçinde 21. Yüzyılda Ortadoğu, derleyen R. İzol ve T. Öztürk. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Conserve Energy Future, “What is Oil Drilling?” Erişim:01.12.2019. https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/effects-oil-drilling-ocean-environment.php,
- EIA. 2013. “Overview of oil and natural gas in the Eastern Mediterranean region.” Erişim:01.12.2019.https://www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/regions_of_interest/Eastern_Mediterranean/eastern-mediterranean.pdf.
- EPRS. 2019. “New technologies for Eastern Mediterranean offshore gas exploration.”Brüksel, European Parliamentary Research Service Scientific Foresight Unit.
- Europan Environment Agency. 2006. “Priority issues in the Mediterranean environment.”Kopenhag: EEA.
- European Commission. 2019. “Our Oceans, Seas and Coasts. The Barcelona Convention.”Erişim: 01.12.2019. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/international-cooperation/regional-sea-conventions/barcelona-convention/index_en.htm.
- European Commission. 2019. “Environment. Mediterranean Neighbours”. Erişim:05.12.2019. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med_neighbours.htm.
- Fitzmaurice, M. 2013. “The International Court of Justice and International EnvironmentalLaw.” İçinde The Development of International Law by the International Court of Justice,derleyen C.J. Tams ve J. Sloan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Floyd, R, R.A. Matthew. 2013. Environmental Security. Approaches and Issues. Cornwall:Routledge.
- Frantzi, S. 2008. “What determines the institutional performanceof environmental regimes?:A case study of the Mediterranean Action Plan.” Marine Policy 32: 618-629.
- Galil Bella, Ferdinando Boero, Simona Fraschetti, Stefano Piraino, Marnie Campbell, ChadHewitt, James Carlton, Elizabeth Cook, Anders Jelmert, Enrique Macpherson, AgneseMarchini, Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Cynthia Mckenzie, Dan Minchin, Henn Ojaveer,Sergej Olenin, and Greg Ruiz. 2015. “The Enlargement of the Suez Canal and Introductionof Non-Indigenous Species to the Mediterranean Sea.” ASLO 24 (2): 43-45.
- Horizon 2020. 2010. “TheH2020 Initiative”. Erişim: 05.12.2020. https://www.h2020.net/the-h2020-initiative.
- Ifremer. 2019. “Déchets marins en Méditerranée: Une hausse modérée et une mission encours.” Erişim: 05.12.2019.https://wwz.ifremer.fr/content/download/134515/file/IP_Dechets_marins_Publication-WaveGlider.pdf.
- IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B:Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lelieveld, J. P. Hadjinicolaou, E. Kostopoulou, J. Chenoweth, M. El Maayar, C.Giannakopoulos, C. Hannides, M. A. Lange, M. Tanarhte, E. Tyrlis ve E. Xoplaki. 2012.“Climate change and impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East”, ClimaticChange, 114 (3-4): 667-687.
- MAP. t.y. “UN Environment/MAP and the Barcelona Convention: Vision, Goals, andEcological Objectives”, Erişim: 01.12.2019. https://www.medqsr.org/un-environmentmap-and-barcelona-convention-vision-goals-and-ecological-objectives.
- Marini, K. 2018. “Climate and environmental change in the Mediterranean – main facts”,MedEC. Erişim: 01.12.2019. https://www.medecc.org/climate-and-environmental-change-in-the-mediterranean-main-facts/.
- Nasrollahzadeh, A. 2010). “Caspian Sea and its Ecological Challenges”. Caspian Journal ofEnvironmental Sciences 8 (1): 97-104.
- National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling.” 2010.Deep Water The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling. Report to thePresident. Erişim: 05.12.2019. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-OILCOMMISSION/pdf/GPO-OILCOMMISSION.pdf.
- OSCE. t.y. “The OSCE Mediterranean Partnership for Co-operation.” Erişim: 03.12.2019.https://www.osce.org/partners-for-cooperation/mediterranean/132176?download=true.
- Paker, H. 2012. “Çevre Rejimleri ve Türkiye’de Sivil Toplum Örgütlerinin Rolü:Akdeniz’de Sürdürülebilirlik”. Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 20 (1): 151-175.
- Peker, H., K. Oktay Öztürk ve Y. Şensoy. 2019. “Doğu Akdeniz’de Deniz Yetki Alanları veEnerji Kaynakları Çerçevesinde Türkiye’nin Enerji Güvenliği.” Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi8 (1): 85-106.
- Pirages, D. G. ve T. M. DeGeest. 2004. Ecological Security; An Evolutionary Perspectiveon Globalization. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Scovazzi, T. 2018. “International Cooperation as regards protection of the environment andfisheries in the Mediterranean Sea.” Anuario Espanol de Derecho Internacional 34: 301-321.
- TC Dışişleri Bakanlığı, “BarselonaSözleşmesi”, Erişim: 01.12.2019. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/barselona-sozlesmesi.tr.mfa.
- The World Bank. 2018. “Countries and Economies.” Erişim: 01.12.2019.https://data.worldbank.org/country.
- Timoshenko, A. 1992. “Ecological security: response to global challenges”. İçindeEnvironmental change and international law: New challenges and dimensions, derleyenE.B. Weiss. Tokyo: United Nations University Press,http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu25ee/uu25ee00.htm#Contents, 02.12.2019.
- Timoshenko, A.S. 1990. “Ecological Security: Global Change Paradigm.” Colorado Journalof International Environmental Law and Policy 1 (127): 127-145.
- UfM. t.y. “Water, Environment and Blue Economy”. Erişim: 03.12.2019.https://ufmsecretariat.org/what-we-do/water-environment/.
- UICN. 2015. “Overview of the situation of biodiversity data and information in theMediterranean region (Draft).” Erişim: 01.12.2019. https://planbleu.org/sites/default/files/upload/files/IUCN_Med_Diagnosis_biodiv_data_Med_region_May2015_lr.pdf.
- UNEP. 1994. “Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against PollutionResulting from Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf and the Seabed and itsSubsoil.” Erişim: 05.12.2019. http://web.unep.org/unepmap/6-offshore-protocol.
- USGS. 2010. “Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Levant BasinProvince, Eastern Mediterranean.” Erişim: 02.12.2019.https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3014/pdf/FS10-3014.pdf.
Öz
The eastern part of the Mediterranean basin is one of the central hubs where history and civilization had been shaped. The Eastern Mediterranean region was the cradle of the political and cultural interactions for thousands of years. This basin was also at the focus of conflict and competition due to its rich resources and its strategic geographical position on the trade routes. The importance of the Eastern Mediterranean basin had been increased especially with the exploration of oil reserves in the Middle East region and the opening of the Suez Canal as a new strategic route for the world trade. Nowadays, the conflict of interest between global and regional actors has arisen in the Eastern Mediterranean because of the new offshore oil and gas reserves. This study aims to examine the Eastern Mediterranean in the context of ecological security. The study argues that the political approaches based on the ecological security perspective could not only preserve the nature of the region, but also could play an important role to prevent potential inter-state conflicts. In order to assure social and economic development and to improve the cooperation in the Eastern Mediterranean, it could be essential to put the integrity of ecosystems at the focus of security.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Eastern Mediterranean Ecological Security Climate Change Oil Exploitation
Kaynakça
- Atvur, S. 2016. “Ortadoğu’da Su ve Güvenlik.” İçinde 21. Yüzyılda Ortadoğu, derleyen R. İzol ve T. Öztürk. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Conserve Energy Future, “What is Oil Drilling?” Erişim:01.12.2019. https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/effects-oil-drilling-ocean-environment.php,
- EIA. 2013. “Overview of oil and natural gas in the Eastern Mediterranean region.” Erişim:01.12.2019.https://www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/regions_of_interest/Eastern_Mediterranean/eastern-mediterranean.pdf.
- EPRS. 2019. “New technologies for Eastern Mediterranean offshore gas exploration.”Brüksel, European Parliamentary Research Service Scientific Foresight Unit.
- Europan Environment Agency. 2006. “Priority issues in the Mediterranean environment.”Kopenhag: EEA.
- European Commission. 2019. “Our Oceans, Seas and Coasts. The Barcelona Convention.”Erişim: 01.12.2019. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/international-cooperation/regional-sea-conventions/barcelona-convention/index_en.htm.
- European Commission. 2019. “Environment. Mediterranean Neighbours”. Erişim:05.12.2019. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med_neighbours.htm.
- Fitzmaurice, M. 2013. “The International Court of Justice and International EnvironmentalLaw.” İçinde The Development of International Law by the International Court of Justice,derleyen C.J. Tams ve J. Sloan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Floyd, R, R.A. Matthew. 2013. Environmental Security. Approaches and Issues. Cornwall:Routledge.
- Frantzi, S. 2008. “What determines the institutional performanceof environmental regimes?:A case study of the Mediterranean Action Plan.” Marine Policy 32: 618-629.
- Galil Bella, Ferdinando Boero, Simona Fraschetti, Stefano Piraino, Marnie Campbell, ChadHewitt, James Carlton, Elizabeth Cook, Anders Jelmert, Enrique Macpherson, AgneseMarchini, Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Cynthia Mckenzie, Dan Minchin, Henn Ojaveer,Sergej Olenin, and Greg Ruiz. 2015. “The Enlargement of the Suez Canal and Introductionof Non-Indigenous Species to the Mediterranean Sea.” ASLO 24 (2): 43-45.
- Horizon 2020. 2010. “TheH2020 Initiative”. Erişim: 05.12.2020. https://www.h2020.net/the-h2020-initiative.
- Ifremer. 2019. “Déchets marins en Méditerranée: Une hausse modérée et une mission encours.” Erişim: 05.12.2019.https://wwz.ifremer.fr/content/download/134515/file/IP_Dechets_marins_Publication-WaveGlider.pdf.
- IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B:Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lelieveld, J. P. Hadjinicolaou, E. Kostopoulou, J. Chenoweth, M. El Maayar, C.Giannakopoulos, C. Hannides, M. A. Lange, M. Tanarhte, E. Tyrlis ve E. Xoplaki. 2012.“Climate change and impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East”, ClimaticChange, 114 (3-4): 667-687.
- MAP. t.y. “UN Environment/MAP and the Barcelona Convention: Vision, Goals, andEcological Objectives”, Erişim: 01.12.2019. https://www.medqsr.org/un-environmentmap-and-barcelona-convention-vision-goals-and-ecological-objectives.
- Marini, K. 2018. “Climate and environmental change in the Mediterranean – main facts”,MedEC. Erişim: 01.12.2019. https://www.medecc.org/climate-and-environmental-change-in-the-mediterranean-main-facts/.
- Nasrollahzadeh, A. 2010). “Caspian Sea and its Ecological Challenges”. Caspian Journal ofEnvironmental Sciences 8 (1): 97-104.
- National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling.” 2010.Deep Water The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling. Report to thePresident. Erişim: 05.12.2019. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-OILCOMMISSION/pdf/GPO-OILCOMMISSION.pdf.
- OSCE. t.y. “The OSCE Mediterranean Partnership for Co-operation.” Erişim: 03.12.2019.https://www.osce.org/partners-for-cooperation/mediterranean/132176?download=true.
- Paker, H. 2012. “Çevre Rejimleri ve Türkiye’de Sivil Toplum Örgütlerinin Rolü:Akdeniz’de Sürdürülebilirlik”. Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 20 (1): 151-175.
- Peker, H., K. Oktay Öztürk ve Y. Şensoy. 2019. “Doğu Akdeniz’de Deniz Yetki Alanları veEnerji Kaynakları Çerçevesinde Türkiye’nin Enerji Güvenliği.” Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi8 (1): 85-106.
- Pirages, D. G. ve T. M. DeGeest. 2004. Ecological Security; An Evolutionary Perspectiveon Globalization. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Scovazzi, T. 2018. “International Cooperation as regards protection of the environment andfisheries in the Mediterranean Sea.” Anuario Espanol de Derecho Internacional 34: 301-321.
- TC Dışişleri Bakanlığı, “BarselonaSözleşmesi”, Erişim: 01.12.2019. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/barselona-sozlesmesi.tr.mfa.
- The World Bank. 2018. “Countries and Economies.” Erişim: 01.12.2019.https://data.worldbank.org/country.
- Timoshenko, A. 1992. “Ecological security: response to global challenges”. İçindeEnvironmental change and international law: New challenges and dimensions, derleyenE.B. Weiss. Tokyo: United Nations University Press,http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu25ee/uu25ee00.htm#Contents, 02.12.2019.
- Timoshenko, A.S. 1990. “Ecological Security: Global Change Paradigm.” Colorado Journalof International Environmental Law and Policy 1 (127): 127-145.
- UfM. t.y. “Water, Environment and Blue Economy”. Erişim: 03.12.2019.https://ufmsecretariat.org/what-we-do/water-environment/.
- UICN. 2015. “Overview of the situation of biodiversity data and information in theMediterranean region (Draft).” Erişim: 01.12.2019. https://planbleu.org/sites/default/files/upload/files/IUCN_Med_Diagnosis_biodiv_data_Med_region_May2015_lr.pdf.
- UNEP. 1994. “Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against PollutionResulting from Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf and the Seabed and itsSubsoil.” Erişim: 05.12.2019. http://web.unep.org/unepmap/6-offshore-protocol.
- USGS. 2010. “Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Levant BasinProvince, Eastern Mediterranean.” Erişim: 02.12.2019.https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3014/pdf/FS10-3014.pdf.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Uluslararası İlişkiler |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Aralık 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Sayı: 2 |
Diplomasi ve Strateji Çalışmaları Derneği kurumsal yayınıdır.