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Socioeconomic Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic in Latin America: Cases of Brazil and Mexico

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 164 - 184, 26.12.2020

Ceren Uysal Oğuz E. Nur Sezek

https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.811206
Cited By: 2

Öz

The Covid-19 pandemic, which emerged in December 2019, has swiftly affected the whole world. The virus appeared in Latin America at the end of February 2020 when Brazil reported the first case. The rapid increase of the cases in the region made Latin America the hotspot of the Covid-19 pandemic at the end of May 2020. The effects of the pandemic in Latin America have been very grave since the countries could not contain the surge of cases, while some leaders, like Brazilian President Bolsonaro, ignored the severity of the pandemic. The economic, social and political impacts as well as a high number of cases and death rates proved that Latin America is one of the most affected regions in the world. Hence, this study examines the effects of the pandemic in Brazil and Mexico, the former with the highest number of cases and deaths, and the latter with the highest mortality rate in the region as of September 15, 2020. Even though they are at different ends of the political spectrum, the populist right Bolsonaro government of Brazil and the populist left López Obrador government of Mexico have used similar discourses to downplay the pandemic and carried out similar unsuccessful policies regarding public health. Consequently, the assessment of various data showed that Brazil and Mexico, as more developed economies of the region, have been experiencing difficulties in coping with the pandemic and they have been negatively affected in terms of socioeconomic conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Brazil Mexico

Kaynakça

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  • Ahmed, P. A. and Villegas, P. (2018). López Obrador gana la presidencia de México con una victoria aplastante. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/es/2018/07/02/espanol/america-latina/eleccion-2018-amlo-lopez-obrador.html
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  • Argentina Presidencia Ministerio de Salud. (2020). Reporte diario vespertino nro 370 situación de Covid-19 Argentina. Retrieved from https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/15-09-20-reporte-vespertino-covid-19.pdf
  • Banco Central Do Brasil. (2020). Economic outlook-inflation. Retrieved from https://www.bcb.gov.br/en BBC. (2020). Coronavirus: First Brazil death 'earlier than thought'. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52638352
  • Bedford, J., Enria, D., Giesecke, J., Heymann, D. L., Ihekweazu, C., Kobinger, G., … Wieler, L. H. (2020). COVID-19: towards controlling of a pandemic. The Lancet, 395(10229), 1015-1018. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30673-5
  • Blofield, M., Hoffmann, B. and Llanos, M. (2020). Assessing the political and social impact of the COVID-19 Crisis in Latin America. GIGA Focus | Latin America (3), 1-13. Retrieved from https://www.ssoar.info/
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  • Caicedo-Ochoa, Y., Rebellón-Sánchez, D. E., Peñaloza-Rallón, M., Cortés-Motta, H. F. and Méndez-Fandiño, Y. R. (2020). Effective reproductive number estimation for initial stage of COVID-19 pandemic in Latin American countries. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, (96), 316-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.069
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Latin Amerika’da Covid-19 Pandemisinin Sosyoekonomik Etkileri: Brezilya ve Meksika Örnekleri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 164 - 184, 26.12.2020

Ceren Uysal Oğuz E. Nur Sezek

https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.811206
Cited By: 2

Öz

Aralık 2019’da ortaya çıkan Covid-19 pandemisi hızlı bir şekilde tüm dünyayı etkisi altına almıştır. Virüs Latin Amerika’da ilk kez Şubat 2020 sonlarında görülmüş, ilk vakanın Brezilya’da bildirilmesinin ardından Covid-19 bölgenin diğer ülkelerine de sıçramıştır. Latin Amerika’da vakaların hızlı bir şekilde artması, bölgeyi Mayıs 2020 sonunda pandeminin o dönemdeki merkezi haline getirmiştir. Pandemi bölgede çok ciddi etkiler yaratırken, birçok Latin Amerika ülkesi virüsle mücadele etmekte yetersiz kalmış, Brezilya Devlet Başkanı Bolsonaro örneğinde görüldüğü üzere pandemiyi umursamayan liderler olmuştur. Bölge ülkelerinde görülen yüksek vaka sayıları ve ölüm oranlarının yanı sıra ekonomik, toplumsal ve siyasi etkiler nedeniyle Latin Amerika Covid-19’dan en fazla zarar gören bölgelerden biri olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, 15 Eylül 2020 tarihi itibariyle bölgede en fazla vaka ve ölüm sayısına sahip Brezilya’da ve en yüksek ölüm oranına sahip olan Meksika’da pandeminin etkileri araştırılmıştır. Brezilya’daki popülist sağ Bolsonaro hükümeti ve Meksika’daki popülist sol López Obrador hükümeti, siyasi yelpazenin farklı noktalarında yer almalarına karşın, Covid-19’u önemsiz göstermeyi amaçlayan benzer söylemleri kullanmışlar ve halk sağlığını koruma konusunda başarısız politikalar izlemişlerdir. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler değerlendirildiğinde, Latin Amerika’nın iki büyük ekonomisi olan Brezilya ve Meksika’nın pandemi ile mücadelede zorlandıkları ve bu süreçte özellikle sosyoekonomik açıdan olumsuz etkilendikleri görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Brezilya Meksika

Kaynakça

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  • Alvarado, E. (2008). Poverty and inequality in Mexico after NAFTA: Challenges, setbacks and implications. Estudios fronterizos, 9(17), 73-105. doi:10.21670/ref.2008.17.a03
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  • Bedford, J., Enria, D., Giesecke, J., Heymann, D. L., Ihekweazu, C., Kobinger, G., … Wieler, L. H. (2020). COVID-19: towards controlling of a pandemic. The Lancet, 395(10229), 1015-1018. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30673-5
  • Blofield, M., Hoffmann, B. and Llanos, M. (2020). Assessing the political and social impact of the COVID-19 Crisis in Latin America. GIGA Focus | Latin America (3), 1-13. Retrieved from https://www.ssoar.info/
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  • Burki, T. (2020). COVID-19 in Latin America several problems undermine the preparedness of countries in Latin America to face the spread of Covid. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 547-548. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30303-0
  • Caicedo-Ochoa, Y., Rebellón-Sánchez, D. E., Peñaloza-Rallón, M., Cortés-Motta, H. F. and Méndez-Fandiño, Y. R. (2020). Effective reproductive number estimation for initial stage of COVID-19 pandemic in Latin American countries. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, (96), 316-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.069
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  • Felbab-Brown, V. (2020, March 30). AMLO’s feeble response to COVID-19 in Mexico [Blog]. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/03/30/amlos-feeble-response-to-covid-19-in-mexico/
  • Filho, J. B. and Horridge, M. J. (2006). Economic integration, poverty and regional inequality in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Economia, 60(4), 363–387. doi:10.1590/S0034-71402006000400003
  • Foster, L. V. (2007). A brief history of Mexico. New York: Checkmark Books.
  • Gobierno de Mexico. (2020). AMLO. Retrieved from https://lopezobrador.org.mx
  • Hamilton, N. (2015). Mexico. In H. E. Vanden and G. Prevost (Eds.), Politics of Latin America: The power game (pp. 315-341). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hamnett, B. (2004). A concise history of Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Horwitz, L., Nagovitch, P., Sonneland, H. K. and Zissis, C. (2020). The Coronavirus in Latin America. Retrieved from https://www.as-coa.org/articles/coronavirus-latin-america#argentina
  • Hunter, W. and Power, T. J. (2019). Bolsonaro and Brazil’s illiberal backlash. Journal of Democracy, 30(1), 68-82. Retrieved from https://muse.jhu.edu/
  • Index of Economic Freedom. (2020). Mexico. Retrieved from https://www.heritage.org/index/country/mexico
  • INEGI. (2020). Empleo y Ocupacion. Retrieved from https://www.inegi.org.mx/# Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. (2020). São Paulo. Retrieved from https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/sp/sao-paulo.html
  • Instituto Igarapé. (2020). Brazil’s Bolsonaro tests positive for Coronavirus. Retrieved from https://igarape.org.br/en/brazils-bolsonaro-tests-positive-for-coronavirus/
  • Investopedia. (2020). Countries by GDP. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/
  • Johns Hopkins University. (2020). Coronavirus research center. Retrieved from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
  • Kirkwood, B. (2000). The history of Mexico. London: Greenwood Press.
  • Knight, A. (2008). Mexico, c. 1930-46. In L. Bethell (Ed.), Latin America since 1930: Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • KPMG. (2020). Brazil - Travel restrictions and other measures to confront COVID-19 crisis. Retrieved from https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/03/flash-alert-2020-119.html
  • Lotta, G., Wenham, C., Nunes, J. and Pimenta, D. N. (2020). Community health workers reveal COVID-19 disaster in Brazil. The Lancet, 396(10248), 365-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31521-X
  • Mahiroğulları, A. (2016). Askeri darbeler döneminden sivil demokrasi dönemine Brezilya’da sendikacılık. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları, 70(1), 81-103. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iusskd
  • Márquez, S. (2020). ¿Es populista López Obrador? Retrieved from https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/solange-marquez/es-populista-lopez-obrador
  • Meade, T. A. (2004). A brief history of Brazil. New York: Infobase Publishing.
  • Mendonça, R. F. and Lavalle, A. G. (2019). Brazil, 40 Years of struggles over political legitimacy through the lenses of representation. Representation, 55(3), 239-250. doi:10.1080/00344893.2019.1679241
  • Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. (2020). CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19). Retrieved from https://www.minsalud.gov.co/salud/publica/PET/Paginas/Covid-19_copia.aspx
  • Ministerio de Salud. (2020). Reporte COVID-19 – martes 15 de septiembre 2020. Retrieved from https://www.minsal.cl/reporte-covid-19-martes-15-de-septiembre-2020/
  • Ministerio Salud de Pública. (2020). Coronavirus Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.salud.gob.ec/coronavirus-covid-19/
  • Minsa. (2020). Casos confirmados por coronavirus Covid-19 ascienden a 744 400 en el Perú (Comunicado N°241). Retrieved from https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minsa/noticias/302869-minsa-casos-confirmados-por-coronavirus-covid-19-ascienden-a-744-400-en-el-peru-comunicado-n-241
  • Navarro, M. F. (2020). Esta es la estrategia de AMLO para no contagiarse de Covid-19, según López-Gatell. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com.mx/politica-estrategia-amlo-no-contagiarse-covid-19-lopez-gatell/
  • Newey, S. (2020). Latin America has become the epicentre of the Coronavirus pandemic, WHO says. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/latin-america-has-become-epicentre-coronavirus-pandemic-says/
  • Özdemir, M. (2020). Corona Virüsü Latin Amerika'da da Etkisini Arttırıyor. Erişim adresi: https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/corona-virusu-latin-amerikada-da-etkisini-arttiriyor/5354196.html
  • Panduro-Correa, V., Arteaga-Livias, K. and Rodríguez-Morales, A. J. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and surgical recommendations in Latin America. The American Surgeon, 86(6), 596-598. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003134820927313
  • Peres, E. (2020). Brazil indigenous group celebrates 6 months without COVID-19. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/brazil-virus-outbreak-archive-0d03018fbfbc9a0e4acfb354b2a9c699.
  • Polat, Y. K. (2019). Brezilya. C. Uysal Oğuz, S. Atvur, R. İzol (Ed.), 21. Yüzyılda Latin Amerika: Siyaset, Ekonomi, Toplum içinde (s. 581-604). Ankara: Seçkin.
  • Rodrigues, G. M. (2019). ¿El Trump Del Trópico? Política exterior de ultraderecha en Brasil (Analisis Carolina). Retrieved from https://www.fundacioncarolina.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/AC-6.es_.pdf
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  • Scalzaretto, N. (2020). Brazil loses nearly 50,000 tourism companies amid pandemic. Retrieved from https://brazilian.report/coronavirus-brazil-live-blog/
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  • Suárez, V., Quezada, M. S., Ruiz, S. O. and De Jesús, E. R. (2020). Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Mexico: from the 27th of February to the 30th of April 2020. Revista Clínica Española, 220(8), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2020.05.007
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  • Tekin, S. (2017). Latin Amerika'da muhafazakârlık ve dış politika: Brezilya örneği. Muhafazakâr Düşünce, 14(51), 83-105. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/muhafazakar
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  • Zanbak, M. (2019). Latin Amerika’nın seçilmiş ülkelerinde gelir dağılımı. C. Uysal Oğuz, S. Atvur, R. İzol (Ed.), 21. Yüzyılda Latin Amerika: Siyaset, Ekonomi, Toplum içinde (s. 253-270). Ankara: Seçkin.
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ceren Uysal Oğuz 0000-0001-7342-0362

E. Nur Sezek 0000-0003-3399-5721

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 17 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: Özel Sayı

Kaynak Göster

APA Uysal Oğuz, C., & Sezek, E. N. (2020). Latin Amerika’da Covid-19 Pandemisinin Sosyoekonomik Etkileri: Brezilya ve Meksika Örnekleri. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(Özel Sayı), 164-184. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.811206

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