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Analysis Of The Economic, Technological, Social and Ethical Effects Of Digitalization Via International Reports

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 14, 21 - 38, 30.06.2021

Öz

Digital technologies play a key role in solving many problems. With the Covid-19 outbreak, working conditions, education, socialization and interaction phenomena have changed. For this reason, it is necessary to examine the impact of the digital world mentioned in international reports. At this stage, literature review was used in the study. The digitalization reports published by the World Economic Forum (WEF), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe (EC) have been examined. Although the effects of digitalization in the reports are quite extensive, they are mainly gathered within the framework of economic, technological and social impact. When the international reports are examined, it is seen that the economic impact is discussed with various topics such as the digital transformation of the labor market, international digital cooperation in the economic framework, the incentive of a digital ecosystem, and a sustainable growth. In terms of technological impacts, transparency and accountability, cyber security problems, technological responsibility, humanitarian control mechanism, are the subjects emphasized in the reports. In terms of social impact, it was observed that effective policies for digital life, digital education, e-information, were discussed. Finally, in terms of ethical approach, the social impact of privacy and data sharing, information and communication ethics, and digital justice are discussed.

Digital transformation triggers massive data production and use. This situation draws the attention of institutions and especially international organizations. New approaches are needed to keep up with transformation. The emerging ideas focus on solving the digitalization effect. Especially in recent years, international reports have been published on the process of digitalization and its effects. In the reports, the change, development and problems caused by digitalization are mainly discussed. These problems are discussed in the reports in the context of economy, technology, social impact and ethical approach. Content analysis was carried out by considering the international reports mentioned. Content analysis is a categorization process performed within the framework of the basic assumptions of research. The most critical point in content analysis is that the assumptions about the categories are prepared in advance as a result of the researcher's knowledge. When the reports are examined, it is seen that the effects of digitalization are gathered in economic, technological, social and ethical fields. For this reason, the items on digital life effects discussed in the reports were evaluated under four categories. It is aimed to determine the economic, technological, social effects and ethical approaches of digitalization. The study also sought answers to some of the following questions:

1- What areas are the effects of digitalization in international reports?
2- Are there common points regarding the effects of digitalization in international reports?
3- Is a common digital ecosystem encouraged in international reports?
4- Are there any problems in the existence, implementation and control of norms related to digital ethics in international reports?

Kaynakça

  • Amazeen, M. (2015). Revisiting the Epistemology of Fact-Checking. Critical Review, 27(1), 1-22.
  • BBC News. (2020, 04 21). Netflix gets 16 million new sign-ups thanks to lockdown. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52376022, Erişim tarihi: 26.01.2021.
  • Bilgin, N. (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde İçerik Analizi Teknikler ve Örnek Çalışmalar. Ankara: Siyasal kitabevi.
  • Bleicher, J., & Stanley, H. (2018). Digitization as a Catalyst for Business Model Innovation a Three-step Approach to Facilitating Economic Success. Journal of Business Management, 4(2), 62-71.
  • Bukht, R., & Heeks, R. (2017). Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy. International Organisations Research Journal, 13(2), 143-172.
  • Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency (s. 77-91). New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Castells, M. (2010). The Rise of the Network Society: Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Colón, A. (2017, 02 07). You are the new gatekeeper of the news. The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/you-are-the-new-gatekeeper-of-the-news-71862, Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2021.
  • Copestake, J. (2020, 02 28). AI ethics backed by Pope and tech giants in new plan. BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51673296, Erişim tarihi: 17.01.2021.
  • Council of the EU. (2020). New Cybersecurity Competence Centre and network: informal agreement with the European . Brussel: European Council.
  • Council of the European Union. (2020). Digital Europe: Council adopts new rules to modernise judicial cooperation in taking of evidence and service of documents. Brussel: Council of the EU.
  • European Commission. (2019). Shaping Europe's digital future. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/shaping-europe-digital-future_en, Erişim tarihi: 07.02.2021.
  • European Commission. (2020). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels: European Commission.
  • European Council. (2020). Special European Council, 1-2 October 2020. Brussel: Council of the European Union.
  • European Parliament. (2016). Industry 4.0. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/570007/IPOL_STU(2016)570007_EN.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2021.
  • Gökçe, O. (2006). İçerik Analizi Kuramsal ve Pratik Bilgiler. Ankara: Siyasal kitabevi.
  • Holsti, O. (1969). Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Boston: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
  • Karlova, N., & Fisher, K. (2013). A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human information behaviour. Information Research, 18(1).
  • Kemp, S. (2019, 01 30). Digital 2019: Global Internet Use Accelerates. Wearesocial: https://wearesocial.com/blog/2019/01/digital-2019-global-internet-use-accelerates. Erişim tarihi: 06.02.2021
  • Keskin, B. (2020). Endüstri 4.0 ve Büyük Veri. Endüstri 4.0 Paradigması: İşletme Fonksiyonlarının Dijital Dönüşümü. İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Klyushina, A., Shalifova, O., Stoykovich, L., & Stoykovich, G. (2021). Social and Cultural Consequences of Digitalization in Higher Humanitarian Education. S. Ashmarina, & V. Mantulenko içinde, Current Achievements, Challenges and Digital Chances of Knowledge Based Economy (s. 843-850). Berlin: Springer.
  • Küçükvardar, M., Aslan, A., & Bayrakcı, S. (2020). Yapay Zekâ Ve Etik Üzerine Bir Araştırma. ATLAS Journal International Refereed Journal On Social Sciences, 1065-1077.
  • McKinsey Global Institute. (2017). Jobs lost, jobs gained: Workforce transitions in a time of automation. Chicago: McKinsey Company.
  • Mühleisen, M. (2018). The Long and Short of The Digital Revolution. Finance and Development, 55(2), 4-8.
  • OECD. (2018). Future of Education and Skills 2030. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • OECD. (2018). Transformative technologies and jobs of the future. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • OECD. (2019). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: https://www.oecd.org/going-digital/ai/principles, Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2021.
  • OECD. (2019). Measuring the Digital Transformation: A ROADMAP FOR THE FUTURE. OECD Going Digital project.
  • OECD. (2019). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • Orhan, A., & Genç, S. (2018). Bilişim Teknolojisindeki Gelişimin Sosyoekonomik Etkileri. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 264(1), 64-275.
  • Önür, N., & Kalaman, S. (2016). Dijital Gündelik Yaşam: Yeni Toplumsallıklar Ve Dijital Yabancılaşma. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 269-289.
  • Pwc. (2020). Digital Ethics Orientation, Values and Attitudes for a Digital World. PWC.
  • Reinartz, W., Wiegand, N., & Imschloss, M. (2019). The Impact of Digital Transformation on the Retailing Value Chain. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 36(3), 350-366.
  • Rosengren, K. (1981). Advances in Content Analysis. California: Sage Publications.
  • Serrano-Puche, J. (2015). Emotions and Digital Technologies: Mapping the Field of Research in Media Studies. MEDIA@LSE Working Paper Series. MEDIA@LSE.
  • Telegraph. (2018, 05 11). Jealous Husband Used Wall-Mounted iPad in his ‘Smart Home’ to Spy on Estranged Wife. Telegraph News: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/10/smart-home-stalker-jealous-husband-used-wall-mounted-ipad-heating, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021.
  • UNESCO. (2018). Journalism, 'Fake News' and Disinformation: A Handbook for Journalism Education and Training. Paris: UNESCO Series on Journalism Education.
  • UNESCO. (2020). The Digital Transformation of Education: Connecting Schools, Empowering Learners. Paris: UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development.
  • UNESCO. (2020). The Digitization of TVET and Skills Systems. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • United Nations. (2019, 04 1). Green economy could create 24 million new jobs. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/04/green-economy-could-create-24-million-new-jobs, Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2021.
  • United Nations. (2019). The Age of Digital Interdependence. New York: United Nations Secretary General's High Level Panel on Digital Cooperation.
  • Walcott, D. (2020, 07 1). How the Fourth Industrial Revolution can help us beat COVID-19. WEF: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-can-help-us-handle-the-threat-of-covid-19, Erişim tarihi: 05.02.2021.
  • Wardle, C. (2019). Understanding Information Disorder. First Draft.
  • Weber, R. (1990). Content Analysis. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
  • WEF. (2021). Global Technology Governance Report 2021: Harnessing Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies in a COVID-19 World. Cologny: WEF.
  • WEF. (2021). The World Economic Forum. WEF: https://www.weforum.org/about/world-economic-forum, Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2021.
  • WHO. (2020, 04 23). WHO reports fivefold increase in cyber attacks, urges vigilance. World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-04-2020-who-reports-fivefold-increase-in-cyber-attacks-urges-vigilance, Erişim tarihi: 26.01.2021.
  • Wirtz, B. (2019). Digital Business Models: Concepts, Models, and the Alphabet Case Study. Berlin: Springer.

Dijitalleşmenin Ekonomik, Teknolojik, Toplumsal ve Etik Etkilerinin Uluslararası Raporlar Üzerinden Analizi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 14, 21 - 38, 30.06.2021

Öz

Dijital teknolojiler birçok sorunun çözümünde kilit bir rol üstlenmektedir. Özellikle Kovid-19 salgınıyla birlikte değişen çalışma koşulları, eğitim, sosyalleşme, etkileşim gibi olguların odak noktası dijital teknolojiler ve dijital becerilerden geçmektedir. Bu nedenle özellikle uluslararası raporlarda ele alınan dijital dünya etkisinin irdelenmesi konuyla ilgili keskin sınırların belirlenmesine yardımcı olacaktır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada literatür taramasından yararlanılmıştır. Dijitalleşmenin ortaya çıkardığı etki, yenilik ve problemler Dünya Ekonomik Forumu (WEF), Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü (OECD), Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Örgütü (UNESCO), Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve Avrupa Konseyi (AK)’nin yayınladığı raporlar çerçevesinde incelenmiş ve içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Uluslararası raporlarda dijitalleşmenin etkileri, hangi alanları kapsadığı, üzerinde durulan ortak noktalar, dijital ekosistemin teşvik edilip edilmediği, dijital etik açısından sorunların olup olmadığı gibi sorulara cevap aranmıştır. Raporlarda dijitalleşmenin ortaya çıkardığı etkiler oldukça kapsamlı olmasına karşın temel olarak ekonomik, teknolojik ve toplumsal etki ile etik yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde toplanmıştır. Belirlenen 4 kategori çerçevesinde uluslararası raporlar incelendiğinde ekonomik etkinin iş gücü piyasasının dijital dönüşümü, ekonomik çerçevede uluslararası dijital işbirliği, dijital bir ekosistem teşviki, sürdürebilir bir büyüme gibi çeşitli konu başlıklarıyla ele alındığı görülmektedir. Teknolojik etkiler bakımından ise şeffaflık ve hesap verilebilirlik, siber güvenlik problemleri, teknolojik sorumluluk, insani denetim mekanizması, dijital araçlardaki tutarsızlık raporlarda üzerinde durulan konuları oluşturmaktadır. Toplumsal etki bakımından ise dijital hayat için etkin politikalar oluşturma, kolluk kuvvetlerinin dijital veri kullanımı ve son dönemlerdeki raporlarda Kovid-19 salgınıyla birlikte önem kazanan dijital eğitim, e-bilgi, konularının tartışıldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Son olarak etik yaklaşım açısından uluslararası raporlar incelendiğinde dijital dünya ile birlikte ortaya çıkan gizlilik ve veri paylaşımının toplumsal etkisi, enformasyon ve iletişim etiği, insan merkezli değerler ve adalet gibi konuların üzerinde durulduğu görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Amazeen, M. (2015). Revisiting the Epistemology of Fact-Checking. Critical Review, 27(1), 1-22.
  • BBC News. (2020, 04 21). Netflix gets 16 million new sign-ups thanks to lockdown. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52376022, Erişim tarihi: 26.01.2021.
  • Bilgin, N. (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde İçerik Analizi Teknikler ve Örnek Çalışmalar. Ankara: Siyasal kitabevi.
  • Bleicher, J., & Stanley, H. (2018). Digitization as a Catalyst for Business Model Innovation a Three-step Approach to Facilitating Economic Success. Journal of Business Management, 4(2), 62-71.
  • Bukht, R., & Heeks, R. (2017). Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy. International Organisations Research Journal, 13(2), 143-172.
  • Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency (s. 77-91). New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Castells, M. (2010). The Rise of the Network Society: Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Colón, A. (2017, 02 07). You are the new gatekeeper of the news. The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/you-are-the-new-gatekeeper-of-the-news-71862, Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2021.
  • Copestake, J. (2020, 02 28). AI ethics backed by Pope and tech giants in new plan. BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51673296, Erişim tarihi: 17.01.2021.
  • Council of the EU. (2020). New Cybersecurity Competence Centre and network: informal agreement with the European . Brussel: European Council.
  • Council of the European Union. (2020). Digital Europe: Council adopts new rules to modernise judicial cooperation in taking of evidence and service of documents. Brussel: Council of the EU.
  • European Commission. (2019). Shaping Europe's digital future. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/shaping-europe-digital-future_en, Erişim tarihi: 07.02.2021.
  • European Commission. (2020). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels: European Commission.
  • European Council. (2020). Special European Council, 1-2 October 2020. Brussel: Council of the European Union.
  • European Parliament. (2016). Industry 4.0. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/570007/IPOL_STU(2016)570007_EN.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2021.
  • Gökçe, O. (2006). İçerik Analizi Kuramsal ve Pratik Bilgiler. Ankara: Siyasal kitabevi.
  • Holsti, O. (1969). Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Boston: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
  • Karlova, N., & Fisher, K. (2013). A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human information behaviour. Information Research, 18(1).
  • Kemp, S. (2019, 01 30). Digital 2019: Global Internet Use Accelerates. Wearesocial: https://wearesocial.com/blog/2019/01/digital-2019-global-internet-use-accelerates. Erişim tarihi: 06.02.2021
  • Keskin, B. (2020). Endüstri 4.0 ve Büyük Veri. Endüstri 4.0 Paradigması: İşletme Fonksiyonlarının Dijital Dönüşümü. İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Klyushina, A., Shalifova, O., Stoykovich, L., & Stoykovich, G. (2021). Social and Cultural Consequences of Digitalization in Higher Humanitarian Education. S. Ashmarina, & V. Mantulenko içinde, Current Achievements, Challenges and Digital Chances of Knowledge Based Economy (s. 843-850). Berlin: Springer.
  • Küçükvardar, M., Aslan, A., & Bayrakcı, S. (2020). Yapay Zekâ Ve Etik Üzerine Bir Araştırma. ATLAS Journal International Refereed Journal On Social Sciences, 1065-1077.
  • McKinsey Global Institute. (2017). Jobs lost, jobs gained: Workforce transitions in a time of automation. Chicago: McKinsey Company.
  • Mühleisen, M. (2018). The Long and Short of The Digital Revolution. Finance and Development, 55(2), 4-8.
  • OECD. (2018). Future of Education and Skills 2030. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • OECD. (2018). Transformative technologies and jobs of the future. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • OECD. (2019). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: https://www.oecd.org/going-digital/ai/principles, Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2021.
  • OECD. (2019). Measuring the Digital Transformation: A ROADMAP FOR THE FUTURE. OECD Going Digital project.
  • OECD. (2019). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • Orhan, A., & Genç, S. (2018). Bilişim Teknolojisindeki Gelişimin Sosyoekonomik Etkileri. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 264(1), 64-275.
  • Önür, N., & Kalaman, S. (2016). Dijital Gündelik Yaşam: Yeni Toplumsallıklar Ve Dijital Yabancılaşma. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 269-289.
  • Pwc. (2020). Digital Ethics Orientation, Values and Attitudes for a Digital World. PWC.
  • Reinartz, W., Wiegand, N., & Imschloss, M. (2019). The Impact of Digital Transformation on the Retailing Value Chain. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 36(3), 350-366.
  • Rosengren, K. (1981). Advances in Content Analysis. California: Sage Publications.
  • Serrano-Puche, J. (2015). Emotions and Digital Technologies: Mapping the Field of Research in Media Studies. MEDIA@LSE Working Paper Series. MEDIA@LSE.
  • Telegraph. (2018, 05 11). Jealous Husband Used Wall-Mounted iPad in his ‘Smart Home’ to Spy on Estranged Wife. Telegraph News: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/10/smart-home-stalker-jealous-husband-used-wall-mounted-ipad-heating, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021.
  • UNESCO. (2018). Journalism, 'Fake News' and Disinformation: A Handbook for Journalism Education and Training. Paris: UNESCO Series on Journalism Education.
  • UNESCO. (2020). The Digital Transformation of Education: Connecting Schools, Empowering Learners. Paris: UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development.
  • UNESCO. (2020). The Digitization of TVET and Skills Systems. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • United Nations. (2019, 04 1). Green economy could create 24 million new jobs. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/04/green-economy-could-create-24-million-new-jobs, Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2021.
  • United Nations. (2019). The Age of Digital Interdependence. New York: United Nations Secretary General's High Level Panel on Digital Cooperation.
  • Walcott, D. (2020, 07 1). How the Fourth Industrial Revolution can help us beat COVID-19. WEF: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-can-help-us-handle-the-threat-of-covid-19, Erişim tarihi: 05.02.2021.
  • Wardle, C. (2019). Understanding Information Disorder. First Draft.
  • Weber, R. (1990). Content Analysis. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
  • WEF. (2021). Global Technology Governance Report 2021: Harnessing Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies in a COVID-19 World. Cologny: WEF.
  • WEF. (2021). The World Economic Forum. WEF: https://www.weforum.org/about/world-economic-forum, Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2021.
  • WHO. (2020, 04 23). WHO reports fivefold increase in cyber attacks, urges vigilance. World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-04-2020-who-reports-fivefold-increase-in-cyber-attacks-urges-vigilance, Erişim tarihi: 26.01.2021.
  • Wirtz, B. (2019). Digital Business Models: Concepts, Models, and the Alphabet Case Study. Berlin: Springer.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mert Küçükvardar 0000-0001-5205-4674

Alaattin Aslan 0000-0001-5053-9256

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 14

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçükvardar, M., & Aslan, A. (2021). Dijitalleşmenin Ekonomik, Teknolojik, Toplumsal ve Etik Etkilerinin Uluslararası Raporlar Üzerinden Analizi. Intermedia International E-Journal, 8(14), 21-38.

Creative Commons Lisansı Intermedia International E-journal

Bu eser Creative Commons Alıntı-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.