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Evaluation of Traumatic Brain Injury Risk in Athletes: A Neuropsychological Investigation in Active Boxers

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 30 - 42, 31.12.2023

Muhammed Sıddık Çemç Hasan Hüseyin Yılmaz Murat Kaldırımcı

https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.1325989

Öz

This study aims to evaluate the risk of traumatic brain injury by comparing data obtained from elite active boxers and healthy individuals through the application of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and the Trail Making Test, which are sensitive to brain damage, as well as the Verbal and Nonverbal Cancellation Test, which is sensitive to the right parietal lobe. The study is conducted with eight male boxers with an average age of 19.3±2.60 years, who had an average of 7.25±3.41 years of active boxing experience, and ten healthy males with an average age of 19.7±1.05 years, who had no involvement in any combat sport. The Kruskal-Wallis Test was employed to investigate the difference between the groups based on the data obtained from the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and the Trail Making Test, while the Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the difference between the groups in the data from the Verbal and Nonverbal Cancellation Test. Upon evaluating the results of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the control group scored significantly higher on the SDMT-1, SDMT-2, and SDMT-3 than the boxers. The results of the Trail Making Test showed that the control group completed the TMT1-A, TMT1-B, TMT2-A, and TMT2-B forms faster than the boxers, but the differences in these times were not statistically significant. In the context of neuropsychological tests, active boxers exhibited lower neurocognitive performance compared to healthy individuals

Anahtar Kelimeler

boxing traumatic brain injury neuropsychology

Kaynakça

  • Baker, J. G., Leddy, J. J., Hinds, A. L., Haider, M. N., Shucard, J., Sharma, T., Hernandez, S., Durinka, J., … Willer, B. S. (2018). An Exploratory Study of Mild Cognitive Impairment of Retired Professional Contact Sport Athletes. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(5), E16–E23. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000420
  • Bate, A. J., Mathias, J. L., & Crawford, J. R. (2001). Performance on the Test of Everyday Attention and standard tests of attention following severe traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15(3), 405–422. https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.15.3.405.10279
  • Boll, T. J., Berent, S., & Richards, H. (1977). Tactile-perceptual functioning as a factor in general psychological abilities. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 535-539. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.535
  • Brett, B., Nader, A., Kerr, Z., Chandran, A., Walton, S., DeFreese, J., . . . McCrea, M. (2022). Disparate Associations of Years of Football Participation and a Metric of Head Impact Exposure with Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Former Collegiate Football Players. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 28(1), 22-34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617721000047
  • British Medical Association. (1993). The boxing debate. Chameleon Press.
  • British Medical Association. (2007). Board of Science Working Party on Boxing. Second Report. www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/BoxingPU
  • Çemç, M. S. (2023). Elit boksörlerin travmatik beyin hasarı riskinin incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Collins, M. W., Grindel, S. H., Lovell, M. R., Dede, D. E., Moser, D. J., Phalin, B. R., Nogle, S., … McKeag, D. B. (1999). Relationship between concussion and neuropsychological performance in college football players. JAMA, 282(10), 964–970. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.10.964
  • Draper, K., & Ponsford, J. (2008). Cognitive functioning ten years following traumatic brain injury and rehabilitation. Neuropsychology, 22(5), 618–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.22.5.618
  • Dymowski, A. R., Owens, J. A., Ponsford, J. L., & Willmott, C. (2015). Speed of processing and strategic control of attention after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(10), 1024–1035. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2015.1074663
  • Echemendia, R. J., Putukian, M., Mackin, R. S., Julian, L., & Shoss, N. (2001). Neuropsychological test performance prior to and following sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. Clinical journal of sport medicine. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 11(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200101000-00005
  • Erik, J. T., Matser, A. G. H., Muriel, D., Lezak, J. T., & Barry, D. J. (2000) Acute Traumatic Brain Injury in Amateur Boxing. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 28(1), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2000.01.645
  • Gabbard, C., & Hart, S. (1996). A question of foot dominance. Journal of General Psychology, 123(4), 289-297.
  • Geldmacher, D. S., & Hills, E. C. (1997). Effect of stimulus number, target-to-distractor ratio, and motor speed on visual spatial search quality following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 11(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990597123818
  • Guskiewicz, K. M., Riemann, B. L., Perrin, D. H., & Nashner, L. M. (1997). Alternative approaches to the assessment of mild head injury in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(7 Suppl), S213–S221. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199707001-00003
  • Guskiewicz, K. M., Ross, S. E., & Marshall, S. W. (2001). Postural Stability and Neuropsychological Deficits After Concussion in Collegiate Athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 36(3), 263–273.
  • Healy, W., & Fernald, G. M. (1911). Tests for practical mental classification. The Psychological Monographs, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093055
  • Hills, E. C., & Geldmacher, D. S. (1998). The effect of character and array type on visual spatial search quality following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 12(1), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990598122872
  • Hinton-Bayre, A. D., Geffen, G.M., Geffen, L.B., McFarland, K.A., & Friis, P. (1999). Concussion in contact sports: Reliable change indices of impairment and recovery. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.21.1.70.945
  • İnce, F. (2011). Migren profilaksisinde topiramat, propranolol ve flunarizin kullanımının vep (Görsel Uyarılmış Potansiyeller) ve işaretleme testi üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılması [Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi].
  • Jaffe, K. M., Fay, G. C., Polissar, N. L., Martin, K. M., Shurtleff, H. A., & Rivara, J. M. (1993). Severity of pediatric traumatic brain injury and neurobehavioral recovery at one year: a cohort study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 74, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9993(93)90156-5
  • Jordan, B., Matser, J., & Zazula, T. (1996). Sparring and cognitive functioning in professional boxers. Phys Sportsmed, 24(5), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1996.11947957
  • Karakaş, S., Eski, R., & Başar, E. (1996). Türk Kültürü için standardizasyonu yapılması bir nöropsikolojik testler topluluğu: BiLNOT Bataryası. 32. Ulusal Nöroloji Kongresi Kitabı. Ufuk Matbaası.
  • Landrø, N. I., Celius, E. G., & Sletvold, H. (2004). Depressive symptoms account for deficient information processing speed but not for impaired working memory in early phase multiple sclerosis (MS). Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 217(2), 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2003.10.012
  • Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment. Oup USA.
  • Macciocchi, S. N., Barth Jeffrey, T., Alves, W., Rimel, R. W., & Jane, J. A. (1996) Neuropsychological Functioning and Recovery after Mild Head Injury in Collegiate Athletes. Neurosurgery 39(3), 510-514, September. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199609000-00014
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  • Matser, J., Kessels, A., & Jordan, B., (1998). Chronic traumatic brain injury in professional soccer players. Neurology, 51(3), 791-796. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.51.3.791
  • McCrory, P. (2002). Boxing and the brain. Br J Sports Med, 36, 2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.1.2
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Sporcularda Travmatik Beyin Hasarı Riskinin Değerlendirilmesi: Aktif Boksörlerde Nöropsikolojik Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 30 - 42, 31.12.2023

Muhammed Sıddık Çemç Hasan Hüseyin Yılmaz Murat Kaldırımcı

https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.1325989

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı beyin hasarına duyarlı Symbol Digit Modalities Test ve Trail Making Test ile sağ parietal lob üzerinde duyarlı Verbal and Nonverbal Cancellation Test dahilinde elit aktif boksörlerden elde edilecek olan verilerin sağlıklı bireyler ile karşılaştırılması sonucu travmatik beyin hasarı açısından değerlendirmeye çalışmaktır. Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 19,3±2,60 yıl olan, ortalama 7,25±3,41 yıl aktif boks yaşam süresine sahip 8 erkek boksör ile yaş ortalaması 19,7±1,05 yıl olan ve herhangi bir mücadele sporu ile ilgilenmemiş 10 sağlıklı erkek dahil edilmiştir. Symbol Digit Modalities Test ve Trail Making Test kapsamında elde edilen verilerde, gruplar arasında oluşan farkı incelemek için Kruskal-Wallis Testi, Verbal and Nonverbal Cancellation Test verilerinde ise gruplar arasındaki farkı değerlendirmek amacıyla Mann-Whitney U testi uygulanmıştır. Symbol Digit Modalities Test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde kontrollerin; SDMT-1, SDMT-2 ve SDMT-3 başarı puanlarının boksörlerden anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Trail Making Test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde kontrollerin; TMT1-A, TMT1-B, TMT2-A ve TMT2-B formlarını boksörlerden daha kısa sürede tamamladığı, fakat oluşan bu süre farklarının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Verbal and Nonverbal Cancellation Test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde ise kontrol grubunun; genel itibariyle boksörlerden daha fazla başarı gösterdiği, fakat oluşan bu başarı düzeylerinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı seviyede olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Nöropsikolojik testler kapsamında aktif boksörler, sağlıklı bireylere göre daha düşük nörobilişsel performans sergilemiştir. Bu durum nörobilişsel işleyiş açısından bir eksiklik olarak değerlendirilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

boks travmatik beyin hasarı nöropsikoloji

Kaynakça

  • Baker, J. G., Leddy, J. J., Hinds, A. L., Haider, M. N., Shucard, J., Sharma, T., Hernandez, S., Durinka, J., … Willer, B. S. (2018). An Exploratory Study of Mild Cognitive Impairment of Retired Professional Contact Sport Athletes. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(5), E16–E23. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000420
  • Bate, A. J., Mathias, J. L., & Crawford, J. R. (2001). Performance on the Test of Everyday Attention and standard tests of attention following severe traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15(3), 405–422. https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.15.3.405.10279
  • Boll, T. J., Berent, S., & Richards, H. (1977). Tactile-perceptual functioning as a factor in general psychological abilities. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 535-539. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.535
  • Brett, B., Nader, A., Kerr, Z., Chandran, A., Walton, S., DeFreese, J., . . . McCrea, M. (2022). Disparate Associations of Years of Football Participation and a Metric of Head Impact Exposure with Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Former Collegiate Football Players. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 28(1), 22-34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617721000047
  • British Medical Association. (1993). The boxing debate. Chameleon Press.
  • British Medical Association. (2007). Board of Science Working Party on Boxing. Second Report. www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/BoxingPU
  • Çemç, M. S. (2023). Elit boksörlerin travmatik beyin hasarı riskinin incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Collins, M. W., Grindel, S. H., Lovell, M. R., Dede, D. E., Moser, D. J., Phalin, B. R., Nogle, S., … McKeag, D. B. (1999). Relationship between concussion and neuropsychological performance in college football players. JAMA, 282(10), 964–970. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.10.964
  • Draper, K., & Ponsford, J. (2008). Cognitive functioning ten years following traumatic brain injury and rehabilitation. Neuropsychology, 22(5), 618–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.22.5.618
  • Dymowski, A. R., Owens, J. A., Ponsford, J. L., & Willmott, C. (2015). Speed of processing and strategic control of attention after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(10), 1024–1035. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2015.1074663
  • Echemendia, R. J., Putukian, M., Mackin, R. S., Julian, L., & Shoss, N. (2001). Neuropsychological test performance prior to and following sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. Clinical journal of sport medicine. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 11(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200101000-00005
  • Erik, J. T., Matser, A. G. H., Muriel, D., Lezak, J. T., & Barry, D. J. (2000) Acute Traumatic Brain Injury in Amateur Boxing. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 28(1), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2000.01.645
  • Gabbard, C., & Hart, S. (1996). A question of foot dominance. Journal of General Psychology, 123(4), 289-297.
  • Geldmacher, D. S., & Hills, E. C. (1997). Effect of stimulus number, target-to-distractor ratio, and motor speed on visual spatial search quality following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 11(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990597123818
  • Guskiewicz, K. M., Riemann, B. L., Perrin, D. H., & Nashner, L. M. (1997). Alternative approaches to the assessment of mild head injury in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(7 Suppl), S213–S221. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199707001-00003
  • Guskiewicz, K. M., Ross, S. E., & Marshall, S. W. (2001). Postural Stability and Neuropsychological Deficits After Concussion in Collegiate Athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 36(3), 263–273.
  • Healy, W., & Fernald, G. M. (1911). Tests for practical mental classification. The Psychological Monographs, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093055
  • Hills, E. C., & Geldmacher, D. S. (1998). The effect of character and array type on visual spatial search quality following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 12(1), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990598122872
  • Hinton-Bayre, A. D., Geffen, G.M., Geffen, L.B., McFarland, K.A., & Friis, P. (1999). Concussion in contact sports: Reliable change indices of impairment and recovery. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.21.1.70.945
  • İnce, F. (2011). Migren profilaksisinde topiramat, propranolol ve flunarizin kullanımının vep (Görsel Uyarılmış Potansiyeller) ve işaretleme testi üzerine etkilerinin karşılaştırılması [Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi].
  • Jaffe, K. M., Fay, G. C., Polissar, N. L., Martin, K. M., Shurtleff, H. A., & Rivara, J. M. (1993). Severity of pediatric traumatic brain injury and neurobehavioral recovery at one year: a cohort study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 74, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9993(93)90156-5
  • Jordan, B., Matser, J., & Zazula, T. (1996). Sparring and cognitive functioning in professional boxers. Phys Sportsmed, 24(5), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1996.11947957
  • Karakaş, S., Eski, R., & Başar, E. (1996). Türk Kültürü için standardizasyonu yapılması bir nöropsikolojik testler topluluğu: BiLNOT Bataryası. 32. Ulusal Nöroloji Kongresi Kitabı. Ufuk Matbaası.
  • Landrø, N. I., Celius, E. G., & Sletvold, H. (2004). Depressive symptoms account for deficient information processing speed but not for impaired working memory in early phase multiple sclerosis (MS). Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 217(2), 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2003.10.012
  • Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment. Oup USA.
  • Macciocchi, S. N., Barth Jeffrey, T., Alves, W., Rimel, R. W., & Jane, J. A. (1996) Neuropsychological Functioning and Recovery after Mild Head Injury in Collegiate Athletes. Neurosurgery 39(3), 510-514, September. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199609000-00014
  • Matier, K., Wolf, L. E., Halperin, J. M. (1994). The psychometric properties and clinical utility of a cancellation test in children. Dev Neuropsychol, 10, 165-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565649409540575
  • Matser, J., Bijl, M., & Luytelaar, G. (1992). Is amateur boxing dangerous?. De Psycholoog, 12, 515-521.
  • Matser, J., Kessels, A., & Jordan, B., (1998). Chronic traumatic brain injury in professional soccer players. Neurology, 51(3), 791-796. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.51.3.791
  • McCrory, P. (2002). Boxing and the brain. Br J Sports Med, 36, 2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.1.2
  • Michael, G. A., Masson, M., Robert, E., Bacon, E., Desert, J. F., Rhein, F., … Colliot, P. (2014). Disturbances of selective attention in traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia: What is common and what is different?. Psychologie Française. 60, 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psfr.2014.08.002
  • Morris, R. D. (1996). Relationship and distinction among the concepts of attention, memory, and executive function: A developmental perspective. Attention, Memory and Executive Function. GR Lyon, NA Krasnegor (Ed), Baltimore, Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co, (s.11-16).
  • Moser, R. S., Schatz, P., & Jordan, B. D. (2005). Prolonged effects of concussion in high school athletes. Neurosurgery, 57(2), 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000166663.98616.e4
  • Mrazik, M., Ferrara, M. S., Peterson, C. L., Elliott, R. E., Courson, R. W., Clanton, M. D., & Hynd, G. W. (2000) Injury severity and neuropsychological and balance outcomes of four college athletes. Brain Inj, 14(10), 921-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990500445736
  • Neselius, S., Brisby, H., Marcusson, J., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., & Karlsson, T. (2014). Neurological assessment and its relationship to CSF biomarkers in amateur boxers. PloS one, 9(6), e99870. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099870
  • Nissan, J., Gross, M.D., Shifman, A., Tzadok, L., & Assif D. (2004). Chewing side preference as atype of hemispheric laterality. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 31, 412–416.
  • Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The Assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia, 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4
  • Oliaro, S. M., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Prentice, W. E. (1998). Establishment of normative data on cognitive tests for comparison with athletes sustaining mild head injury. Journal of Athletic Training, 33(1), 36–40.
  • Önal, M. B., Narin, F., Berker, & M., Palaoğlu, Ö. S. (2013). Sports related brain injury. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 33, 37-41.
  • Özsu, M.S. (2006). Temel Basketbol Becerilerinde Kullanılan El ve Ayak Tercihi ile Dominant El ve Ayak İlişkisinin İncelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Pintner, R., & Paterson, D. G. (1917). A scale of performance tests. D Appleton & Company. https://doi.org/10.1037/11199-000
  • Ponsford, J., & Kinsella, G. (1992). Attentional deficits following closed head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 822-838.
  • Porter M. D. (2003). A 9-year controlled prospective neuropsychologic assessment of amateur boxing. Clinical journal of sport medicine. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 13(6), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200311000-00002
  • Porter, M. D., & Fricker, P. A. (1996). Controlled prospective neuropsychological assessment of active experienced amateur boxers. Clinical journal of sport medicine. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 6(2), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199604000-00005
  • Prien, A., Feddermann-Demont, N., Verhagen, E., Twisk, J., & Junge, A. (2020). Neurocognitive performance and mental health of retired female football players compared to non-contact sport athletes. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 6(1), e000952. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000952
  • Reitan, R. M. (1955). The relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage. Journal of consulting psychology, 19(5), 393. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044509
  • Reitan, R. M. (1971). Trail Making Test results for normal and brain-damaged children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 33, 575–581. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1971.33.2.575
  • Reynolds, C. R. (2002). Comprehensive Trail Making Test: Examiner’s Manual. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
  • Ryan, A. J. (1998). Intracranial in juries resulting from boxing. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 17(1),155-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70070-3
  • Şen, İ. (1998). Farklı el tercihinde bulunan sporcuların el reaksiyon sürelerinin karşılaştırılması ve reaksiyon süresinin zeka seviyesi ile ilişkisi [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İnönü Üniversitesi.
  • Sinopoli, K. J., Schachar, R., & Dennis, M. (2011). Traumatic brain injury and secondary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: the effect of reward on inhibitory control. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 33(7), 805–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.562864
  • Smith, A. (1968). The symbol-digit modalities test: a neuropsychologic test of learning and other cerebral disorders. In: Helmuth J, editor. Learning Disorders. Seattle: Special Child Publications, p.83–91.
  • Smith, A. (2007). Symbol Digits Modalities Test. Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
  • Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1998). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary. Oxford University Press.
  • Stiller, J. W., Yu, S. S., Brenner, L. A., Langenberg, P., Scrofani, P., Pannella, P., Hsu, E. B., … Postolache, T. T. (2014). Sparring and neurological function in professional boxers. Front Public Health, 21, 2:69. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00069
  • Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Varlık, S. (1982). Boks Temel Eğitimi, Ankara, 21-22.
  • Wechsler, D. (1955). Wechsler adult intelligence scale (pp. 1-300). Psychological Corporation.
  • Willer, B. S., Tiso, M. R., Haider, M. N., Hinds, A. L., Baker, J. G., Miecznikowski, J. C., & Leddy, J. J. (2018). Evaluation of Executive Function and Mental Health in Retired Contact Sport Athletes. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(5), E9–E15. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000423
  • Willmott, C., Ponsford, J., Hocking, C., & Schönberger, M. (2009). Factors contributing to attentional impairments after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 23(4), 424–432. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015058
  • Yongtawee, A., Park, J., Kim, Y., & Woo, M. (2022). Athletes have different dominant cognitive functions depending on type of sport, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(1), 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1956570
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muhammed Sıddık Çemç 0000-0001-5442-0869

Hasan Hüseyin Yılmaz 0000-0003-1994-7731

Murat Kaldırımcı 0000-0002-4285-7307

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Temmuz 2023
Kabul Tarihi 27 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çemç, M. S., Yılmaz, H. H., & Kaldırımcı, M. (2023). Evaluation of Traumatic Brain Injury Risk in Athletes: A Neuropsychological Investigation in Active Boxers. Uluslararası Egzersiz Psikolojisi Dergisi, 5(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.1325989
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