Araştırma Makalesi
A CRITICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PRESIDENCY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS (DİYANET İŞLERİ BAŞKANLIĞI) AND THE OFFICE OF SHAYKH AL-ISLÂM
Öz
After the 19th century, a great number of religious institutions that manage religious
affairs were established in many Muslim countries. These religious institutions bear
official identity since they were established by states. Some academics, authors and
intellectuals liken these institutions to the offices of Shaykh al-Islām that existed
between 11th and 18th centuries and evaluate modern religious institutions as if the
follow-up these religious offices. This results in some misunderstandings. The article compares the Presidency of Religious affairs in Turkey to the office of Shaykh
al-Islām in the Ottoman Empire with the intent of obviating these misunderstandings. Before comparing these two religious institutions, the article presents brief
explanations of their history, establishment and functions in their times, and then
these two institutions are comparatively evaluated from two different perspectives.
In the first instance, it is drawn a parallel between two in terms of their jurisdiction.
In the second instance, the functions and roles of fatwās issued by the two are evaluated in their respective environments. The comparison and evaluation of the two
institutions from these angles considerably help to scatter the misconceptions to
which are led by those academics, authors and critics who establish strong similarities between past and modern religious institutions.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Religious Institutions the Diyanet the Office of Shaykh al-Islām Fatwā Islamic Law
Kaynakça
- Adanali, Hamdi. “The Presidency of Religious Affairs and the Principle of Secularism in Turkey”. The Muslim World 98/2-3 (2008), 228-241. Accessed 17 October 2016, HYPERLINK “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ j.1478-1913.2008.00221.x/full” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ j.1478-1913.2008.00221.x/full .
- Akçura, Yusuf. Osmanlı Devletinin Dağılma Devri (XVIII. ve XIX. asırlarda). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1988.
- Aksanyar, Necati. “Demokrat Partinin Din Politikalarının Türk Basınına Yansımaları (1950-1954)”. Akademik Bakış 11, (2007), 12-15.
- Ayar, Talip. Osmanlı Devletinde Fetvâ Eminliği (1892-1922). Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2014.
- Bardakoğlu, Ali. Religion and Society New Perspectives from Turkey. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, 2009.
- Bulliet, Richard W. “The Shaykh al-Islām and the Evolution of Islamic Society”. Studia Islamica, 35 (1972), 54-55. Accessed 11 September 2018, HYPERLINK “https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1595475.pdf?refreqid=excelsior %3A96347c360ad2eb08056f1b7d1b1c0b30” https://www.jstor.org/stable/ pdf/1595475.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A96347c360ad2eb08056f1b7d1b1c 0b30 .
- Cornell, Svante. “The Rise of Diyanet: The Politicization of Turkey’s Directorate of Religious Affairs”. The Turkey Analyst, October 9, 2015. Accessed 5 August 2017, HYPERLINK “https://www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/ turkey-analyst-articles/item/463-the-rise-of-diyanet-the-politicization-ofturkey%E2%80%99s-directorate-of-religious-affairs.html” https://www. turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkey-analyst-articles/item/463-the-riseof-diyanet-the-politicization-of-turkey%E2%80%99s-directorate-of-religious-affairs.html .
- Davison, Andrew. Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey: A Hermeneutic Reconsideration. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
- Dural, Seda. “The Violence against Woman Policy of the AKP Government and the Diyanet”. Master diss., Middle Eastern Studies, Leiden University, 2016.
- Erdem, Gazi. “Religious Services in Turkey: From the Office of Şeyhulislām to the Diyanet”. The Muslim World 98/2-3 (2008), 199-215. Accessed 01 February 2017, HYPERLINK “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478- 1913.2008.00216.x/full” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478- 1913.2008.00216.x/full .
- Görmez, Mehmet. “The Status of the Presidency of Religious Affairs in Turkish Constitution and Its Execution”. The Muslim World 98/2-3 (2008), 242-248. Accessed 20 October 2016, HYPERLINK “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00222.x/full” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00222.x/full .
- Gözaydın, Istar. “Management of Religion in Turkey: The Diyanet and Beyond”. Freedom of Religion and Belief in Turkey, edited Özgür Heval Çınar and Mine Yıldırım, 10-35. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.
- Gözaydın, Istar. Religion, Politics and the Politics of Religion in Turkey. Berlin: Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit, 2013.
- Kara, Ismail. “Din ile Devlet Arasına Sıkışmış Bir Kurum: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18 (2000), 29-55.
- Karaman, Fikret. “The Status and Function of the PRA in the Turkish Republic”. The Muslim World 98/ 2-3 (2008), 282-290. Accessed 13 October 2016, HYPERLINK “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913 .2008.00226.x/full” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913 .2008.00226.x/full .
- Kaya, Emir. “Balancing Interlegality through Realist Altruism: Diyanet Mediation in Turkey”. PhD diss., University of London, 2011.
- Kenar, Ceren “The Story Behind the Rise of Turkey’s Ulema”. Middle East Research and Information Project, February 4, 2018. Accessed 9 September 2018, HYPERLINK “https://www.merip.org/mero/mero020418” https://www.merip. org/mero/mero020418 .
- Koca, Bayram. “Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı ve Aleviler Arasındaki Meseleye Liberal Bir Bakış”. Liberal Düşünce Yıl 19/73-74 (2014), 39-61.
- Kutlu, Sönmez. “Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı ve İslamiçi Dini Gruplarla (Mezhep ve Tatikatlar) İlişkileri”. Dini Araştırmalar 12/33 (2009), 107-127.
- Küçükcan, Talip. “Are Muslim Democrats a Threat to Secularism and Freedom of Religion? The Turkish Case”. In The Future of Religious Freedom: Global Challenges, edited Allen D. Hertzke, 270-289. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Okumuş, Ejder. “Turkey-Religiosity and the PRA”. The Muslim World 98/2-3 (2008), 345-362. Accessed 18 October 2016, HYPERLINK “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00232.x/full” http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00232.x/full . Özbudun, Ergun. The Constitutional System of Turkey: 1876 to Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
- Öztuna, Yılmaz. Osmanlı Devleti Tarihi vol. II. İstanbul: Faısal Finans Kurumu, 1986.
- Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi. “Turkey’s Diyanet under AKP Rule: From Protector to Imposer of State Ideology?” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16/4 (2016), 619-635. Accessed April 04, 2017, HYPERLINK “http://dx.doi.or g/10.1080/14683857.2016.1233663” http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2 016.1233663 .
- Öztürk, Kazim. Türkiye Parlamento Tarihi: TBMM-II. Dönem, I. Ankara: Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Yayınları, 1993.
- Sunier, Thijl et al. Diyanet: The Turkish Directorate for Religious Affairs in a Changing Enviroment. VU University of Amsterdam and Utrecht University, 2011. Accessed 20 March 2015, HYPERLINK “http://www.fsw.vu.nl/nl/Images/Final%20report%20Diyanet%20February%202011_tcm30-200229.pdf ” http://www.fsw.vu.nl/nl/Images/Final%20report%20Diyanet%20February%202011_tcm30-200229.pdf
- Tarhanlı, İştar B. Müslüman Toplum, “Laik” Devlet: Turkiye’de Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. İstanbul: Afa Yayınları, 1993.
- Turner, Bryan S. and Berna Zengin Arslan. “State and Turkish Secularism: The Case of the Diyanet”. The Religious and the Political: A Comparative Sociology of Religion. Edited Bryan S. Turner, 206-225. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Ulutas, Ufuk. “Religion and Secularism in Turkey: The Dilemma of the Directorate of Religious Affairs”. Middle Eastern Studies 46/3 (2010), 389-399. Accessed 12 October 2016, HYPERLINK “http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1 080/00263200902899812?needAccess=true” http://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/pdf/10.1080/00263200902899812?needAccess=true .
- Ünlücayaklı, Emre. “The Official Discourse in Religion in post-1980 Turkey: The Official Boundaries of the Religious Field, National Belonging and Heritage”. PhD diss., McGill University, 2012.
- Vikør, Knut S. Between God and Sultan: A History of Islamic Law. London: C. Hurst - Company, 2005.
- Vogel, Frank. Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
- Yakar, Emine Enise and Sumeyra Yakar. “The Transformational Process of the Presidency of Religious Affairs in Turkey”. Dirasat, 24 (2017), 1-39. Accessed 13 January 2018, HYPERLINK “https://kfcris.com/pdf/2cd1eca0b34279e8904 cff6c48e8f35f59782edf6fdb9.pdf ” https://kfcris.com/pdf/2cd1eca0b34279e 8904cff6c48e8f35f59782edf6fdb9.pdf .
- Yalçın, Durmuş, Yaşar Akbıyık, and Yücel Özkaya, et al. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi, 2. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2010.
- Yanarocak, Hay Eytan Cohen. “Turkey’s Diyanet: The Revival of Sheikh al-Islam”. Telaviv Notes 9/3 (2015), 1-6. Accessed 10 April 2017, HYPERLINK “http:// dayan.org/content/tel-aviv-notes-turkeys-diyanet-revival-sheikh-al-islam” http://dayan.org/content/tel-aviv-notes-turkeys-diyanet-revival-sheikh-alislam .
- Yavuz, M. Hakan. “Tukey: Islam without Shari’a?” Shari’a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World, edited Robert W. Hefner, 146-179. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2011.
- http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/tr-TR
- http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr
- http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr
- https://www.tbmm.gov.tr
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11, 421 - 452, 30.12.2019
Öz
19. yüzyıl sonrası birçok Müslüman ülkesinde dini işleri yürüten dini kurumlar kurulmuştur. Devlet tarafından kurulduğu için bu kurumların çoğu resmi bir kimlik
taşımaktadır. Bu resmi dini kurumlar bazı akademisyenler, yazarlar ve entelektüeller
tarafından 11. ve 18. yüzyılları arasında var olan Şeyhü’l İslamlık Makamlıklarına
benzetilmiş ve sanki onların devamıymış gibi değerlendirilmiştir. Bu da akademik sahada bazı yanlış anlaşılmalar neden olmuştur. Bu yanlış anlaşılmaları gidermeyi hedefleyen bu makale bu günkü Türkiye’de var olan Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı ve
Osmanlı devletindeki Şeyhü’l İslam Makamlığını karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirmektedir. Bu iki kurum arasında detaylı bir karşılaştırma yapmadan önce, bu iki
kurumun tarihi, kuruluşları ve kendi dönemlerindeki işlevleri ve görevleri hakkında
kısa bir bilgi verilmektedir. Daha sonra, bu iki kurum arasındaki farklılıkları göstermek için iki noktadan bu kurumlar karşılıklı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. İlk etapta bu iki kurum çalışma sahaları bakımından birbiriyle karşılaştırılır. İkinci etapta
ise bu iki kurumun tarafından verilen fetvaların yasal sistemdeki ve toplumdaki
işlevleri ve rolleri açısından karşılaştırılmalı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu iki
kurumun bu iki açıdan detaylı olarak karşılaştırılması, bazı eleştirmenler, yazarlar
ve akademisyenler tarafından bu iki kurum arasında güçlü bir benzerlik kurularak
neden olunan yanlış anlaşılmaların giderilmesine katkı sağlayacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Adanali, Hamdi. “The Presidency of Religious Affairs and the Principle of Secularism in Turkey”. The Muslim World 98/2-3 (2008), 228-241. Accessed 17 October 2016, HYPERLINK “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ j.1478-1913.2008.00221.x/full” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ j.1478-1913.2008.00221.x/full .
- Akçura, Yusuf. Osmanlı Devletinin Dağılma Devri (XVIII. ve XIX. asırlarda). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1988.
- Aksanyar, Necati. “Demokrat Partinin Din Politikalarının Türk Basınına Yansımaları (1950-1954)”. Akademik Bakış 11, (2007), 12-15.
- Ayar, Talip. Osmanlı Devletinde Fetvâ Eminliği (1892-1922). Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2014.
- Bardakoğlu, Ali. Religion and Society New Perspectives from Turkey. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, 2009.
- Bulliet, Richard W. “The Shaykh al-Islām and the Evolution of Islamic Society”. Studia Islamica, 35 (1972), 54-55. Accessed 11 September 2018, HYPERLINK “https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1595475.pdf?refreqid=excelsior %3A96347c360ad2eb08056f1b7d1b1c0b30” https://www.jstor.org/stable/ pdf/1595475.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A96347c360ad2eb08056f1b7d1b1c 0b30 .
- Cornell, Svante. “The Rise of Diyanet: The Politicization of Turkey’s Directorate of Religious Affairs”. The Turkey Analyst, October 9, 2015. Accessed 5 August 2017, HYPERLINK “https://www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/ turkey-analyst-articles/item/463-the-rise-of-diyanet-the-politicization-ofturkey%E2%80%99s-directorate-of-religious-affairs.html” https://www. turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkey-analyst-articles/item/463-the-riseof-diyanet-the-politicization-of-turkey%E2%80%99s-directorate-of-religious-affairs.html .
- Davison, Andrew. Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey: A Hermeneutic Reconsideration. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
- Dural, Seda. “The Violence against Woman Policy of the AKP Government and the Diyanet”. Master diss., Middle Eastern Studies, Leiden University, 2016.
- Erdem, Gazi. “Religious Services in Turkey: From the Office of Şeyhulislām to the Diyanet”. The Muslim World 98/2-3 (2008), 199-215. Accessed 01 February 2017, HYPERLINK “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478- 1913.2008.00216.x/full” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478- 1913.2008.00216.x/full .
- Görmez, Mehmet. “The Status of the Presidency of Religious Affairs in Turkish Constitution and Its Execution”. The Muslim World 98/2-3 (2008), 242-248. Accessed 20 October 2016, HYPERLINK “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00222.x/full” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00222.x/full .
- Gözaydın, Istar. “Management of Religion in Turkey: The Diyanet and Beyond”. Freedom of Religion and Belief in Turkey, edited Özgür Heval Çınar and Mine Yıldırım, 10-35. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.
- Gözaydın, Istar. Religion, Politics and the Politics of Religion in Turkey. Berlin: Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit, 2013.
- Kara, Ismail. “Din ile Devlet Arasına Sıkışmış Bir Kurum: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı”. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18 (2000), 29-55.
- Karaman, Fikret. “The Status and Function of the PRA in the Turkish Republic”. The Muslim World 98/ 2-3 (2008), 282-290. Accessed 13 October 2016, HYPERLINK “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913 .2008.00226.x/full” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913 .2008.00226.x/full .
- Kaya, Emir. “Balancing Interlegality through Realist Altruism: Diyanet Mediation in Turkey”. PhD diss., University of London, 2011.
- Kenar, Ceren “The Story Behind the Rise of Turkey’s Ulema”. Middle East Research and Information Project, February 4, 2018. Accessed 9 September 2018, HYPERLINK “https://www.merip.org/mero/mero020418” https://www.merip. org/mero/mero020418 .
- Koca, Bayram. “Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı ve Aleviler Arasındaki Meseleye Liberal Bir Bakış”. Liberal Düşünce Yıl 19/73-74 (2014), 39-61.
- Kutlu, Sönmez. “Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı ve İslamiçi Dini Gruplarla (Mezhep ve Tatikatlar) İlişkileri”. Dini Araştırmalar 12/33 (2009), 107-127.
- Küçükcan, Talip. “Are Muslim Democrats a Threat to Secularism and Freedom of Religion? The Turkish Case”. In The Future of Religious Freedom: Global Challenges, edited Allen D. Hertzke, 270-289. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Okumuş, Ejder. “Turkey-Religiosity and the PRA”. The Muslim World 98/2-3 (2008), 345-362. Accessed 18 October 2016, HYPERLINK “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00232.x/full” http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00232.x/full . Özbudun, Ergun. The Constitutional System of Turkey: 1876 to Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
- Öztuna, Yılmaz. Osmanlı Devleti Tarihi vol. II. İstanbul: Faısal Finans Kurumu, 1986.
- Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi. “Turkey’s Diyanet under AKP Rule: From Protector to Imposer of State Ideology?” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16/4 (2016), 619-635. Accessed April 04, 2017, HYPERLINK “http://dx.doi.or g/10.1080/14683857.2016.1233663” http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2 016.1233663 .
- Öztürk, Kazim. Türkiye Parlamento Tarihi: TBMM-II. Dönem, I. Ankara: Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Yayınları, 1993.
- Sunier, Thijl et al. Diyanet: The Turkish Directorate for Religious Affairs in a Changing Enviroment. VU University of Amsterdam and Utrecht University, 2011. Accessed 20 March 2015, HYPERLINK “http://www.fsw.vu.nl/nl/Images/Final%20report%20Diyanet%20February%202011_tcm30-200229.pdf ” http://www.fsw.vu.nl/nl/Images/Final%20report%20Diyanet%20February%202011_tcm30-200229.pdf
- Tarhanlı, İştar B. Müslüman Toplum, “Laik” Devlet: Turkiye’de Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. İstanbul: Afa Yayınları, 1993.
- Turner, Bryan S. and Berna Zengin Arslan. “State and Turkish Secularism: The Case of the Diyanet”. The Religious and the Political: A Comparative Sociology of Religion. Edited Bryan S. Turner, 206-225. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Ulutas, Ufuk. “Religion and Secularism in Turkey: The Dilemma of the Directorate of Religious Affairs”. Middle Eastern Studies 46/3 (2010), 389-399. Accessed 12 October 2016, HYPERLINK “http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1 080/00263200902899812?needAccess=true” http://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/pdf/10.1080/00263200902899812?needAccess=true .
- Ünlücayaklı, Emre. “The Official Discourse in Religion in post-1980 Turkey: The Official Boundaries of the Religious Field, National Belonging and Heritage”. PhD diss., McGill University, 2012.
- Vikør, Knut S. Between God and Sultan: A History of Islamic Law. London: C. Hurst - Company, 2005.
- Vogel, Frank. Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
- Yakar, Emine Enise and Sumeyra Yakar. “The Transformational Process of the Presidency of Religious Affairs in Turkey”. Dirasat, 24 (2017), 1-39. Accessed 13 January 2018, HYPERLINK “https://kfcris.com/pdf/2cd1eca0b34279e8904 cff6c48e8f35f59782edf6fdb9.pdf ” https://kfcris.com/pdf/2cd1eca0b34279e 8904cff6c48e8f35f59782edf6fdb9.pdf .
- Yalçın, Durmuş, Yaşar Akbıyık, and Yücel Özkaya, et al. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi, 2. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2010.
- Yanarocak, Hay Eytan Cohen. “Turkey’s Diyanet: The Revival of Sheikh al-Islam”. Telaviv Notes 9/3 (2015), 1-6. Accessed 10 April 2017, HYPERLINK “http:// dayan.org/content/tel-aviv-notes-turkeys-diyanet-revival-sheikh-al-islam” http://dayan.org/content/tel-aviv-notes-turkeys-diyanet-revival-sheikh-alislam .
- Yavuz, M. Hakan. “Tukey: Islam without Shari’a?” Shari’a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World, edited Robert W. Hefner, 146-179. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2011.
- http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/tr-TR
- http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr
- http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr
- https://www.tbmm.gov.tr
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Din Araştırmaları |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11 |
