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Cyberbullying motivations and moral disengagement among adolescent Cyberbullies: Exploring the mediating roles

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 13, 28.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.24.1.01

Öz

The study aimed to identify the factors and motivations that lead cyberbullied adolescents to engage in cyberbullying and to develop a model illustrating the interrelationships between cyberbullying, moral disengagement, and bullying motivations. The primary research sample consisted of 804 adolescents in secondary schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 302 adolescents were identified as cyberbullies, ranging in age from 16.6 to 19.5 years (M= 18.9, S.D= 1.6). This sample was obtained by distributing an electronic link via e-mail and various social media platforms. The tools of study are Cyberbullying Questionnaire (CBQ- bully) (Calvete et al., 2010), Cyberbullying Moral Disengagement Scale (Bussey & Fitzpatrick, 2014) and Cyberbullying Motivations Scale (Megawer & Rabi', In press). The findings of the study indicate that power and ideology are the most significant causes of cyberbullying behavior and the most significant from the perspective of cyberbullies, followed by instrumental, amusement, sadism, external factors, revenge, and finally moral disengagement. There are differences between males and females in certain cyberbullying factors that favor males. In addition, the findings revealed that cyberbullying motivations and moral disengagement positively predict cyberbullying behavior, and through the use of constructive modeling, the mediating role of some variables (Power and moral disengagement) was confirmed in the impact of other variables (Instrumental, ideology, revenge, amusement, and sadism) on cyberbullying behavior.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Al-Diyar, Al. (2021). Empathy, Self-Esteem, and their relation with cyberbullying in a sample of adolescents. Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, 31 (110), 1-32. http://doi.10.21608/ejcj.2021.145353
  • Abu Ela, H. (2017). The effectiveness of selective counseling in reducing the level of cyberbullying in a sample of adolescents: Descriptive - counseling study. Journal of Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 33 (6), 527-563. http://doi.10.21608/mfes.2017.106255
  • Adair, A. (2018). Electronic bullying in early adolescence in Belgian schools: An analytical study on social networking users. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(41), 376-385.
  • Adam, A. (2021). Cyberbullying and Its Psychological and Social Impacts. A study field on a sample of female university students in Khartoum. Journal of Media Studies, Democratic Arabic Center, Berlin, Germany, 14, 60-81.
  • Ahmed, N., & Ahmed, Sayed, D. (2020). The relative contribution of emotion regulation and habits of mind in predicting of cyberbullying among university students. Journal of Faculty of Education, Beni-Sueif University, 17 (95), 168-233. http://doi.10.21608/jfe.2020.124832
  • Al-Enezi, A. (2021). Cyberbullying via the internet and social networking sites: A study on a sample of High school students in Tabuk governorate, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Faculty of Education, Sohag University, 85, 395-440. http://doi.10.21608/EDUSOHAG.2021.159469
  • Al-Rifai, T. (2018). The degree of practice and exposure of students of the basic stage in the Kuwait schools of electronic bullying and the impact of gender variable. Journal of Educational Sciences, Cairo University, 26 (4), 111-145.
  • Alwan, I. (2016). Types of bullying in light of some demographic variables among adolescent students in Abha city. Journal of Education, Al-Azhar University, 168(1), 439-473. http://doi.10.21608/JSREP.2016.31443
  • Al-Zahrani, A. (2015). Cyberbullying among Saudi's higher-education students: Implications for educators and policymakers. World Journal of Education, 5(3), 15-26. http://doi.10.5430/wje.v5n3p15
  • Bandura A., Caprara, G., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., & Regalia, C. (2001). Socio-cognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing transgressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.125
  • Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101-119. http://doi.10.1080/0305724022014322
  • Baumeister, R. F. (2001). Evil: Inside human violence and cruelty. Holt Paperbacks.
  • Bussey, K., & Fitzpatrick, S. (2014). Moral disengagement and cyber bullying associated with cyber witnesses and victims. In K. Bussey (Ed.), Moral disengagement and bystander behavior: The role of moral cognition in student responses to school bullying (p.66). Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence (20-22 Mar. 2014), Austin, Texas.
  • Bussey, K., Fitzpatrick, S., & Raman, A. (2015). The role of moral disengagement and self-efficacy in cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 30-46. http://doi.10.1080/15388220.2014.954045
  • Calvete, E., Orue, I., Estévez, A., Villardón, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1128–1135. http://doi.10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.017
  • Chen, L., Ho, S., & Lwin, M. (2017). A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media, effects approach. New Media & Society, 19(8), 1194-1213. http://doi.10.1177/1461444816634037
  • Cook, C., Williams, K., Guerra, N., & Kim, T. (2010). Variability in the prevalence of bullying and victimization: A cross-national and methodological analysis. In S.R. Jimerson, S.M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 347-362). Rout ledge.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River, Merrill.
  • Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Cuadrado-Gordillo, I., & Fernández-Antelo, I. (2019). Analysis of moral disengagement as a modulating factor in adolescents' perception of cyberbullying. Frontiers in psychology, 10(1222), 1-12. http://doi.10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01222
  • Daoud, J. (2017). Multicollinearity and regression analysis. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 949, 1-6. http://doi.10.1088/1742-6596/949/1/012009
  • Detert, J., Trevino, L., & Sweitzer, V. (2008). Moral disengagement in ethical decision-making: A study of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of applied psychology, 93(2), 374-391. http://doi.10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.374
  • Esposito, C., Spadari, E. M., Caravita, S. C., & Bacchini, D. (2022). Profiles of community violence exposure, moral disengagement, and bullying perpetration: Evidence from a sample of Italian adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9–10), 5887–5913. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211067021
  • Fahmy, B. (2021). Cyberbullying among adolescents on social media networks. Egyptian Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20 (3), 289- 335. http://doi.10.21608/JOA.2021.198148
  • Falla, D., Romera, E., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2021) Aggression, moral disengagement and empathy: A longitudinal study within the interpersonal dynamics of bullying. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 403-468. http://doi.10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703468
  • Fanti, K., & Henrich, C. (2015). Effects of self-esteem and narcissism on bullying and victimization during early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 35, 5-29. http://doi.10.1177/0272431613519498
  • Fluck, J. (2017). Why do students bully? An analysis of motives behind violence in schools. Youth & Society, 49(5), 567-587. http://doi.10.1177/0044118X145478776
  • Foster, I., Wyman, J., & Talwar, V. (2020). Moral disengagement: A new lens with which to examine children’s justifications for lying. Journal of Moral Education, 49(2), 209-225. http://doi.10.1080/03057240.2019.1656057
  • Fricker, R. D. (2016). Sampling methods for online surveys, In Nigel G. Fielding, Raymond M. Lee & Grant Blank (Eds), The SAGE handbook of online research methods (pp. 162-183). ‏ SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Garbharran, A. (2013). Structural implications of the activation of moral disengagement in social cognitive theory. (PhD Thesis). University of the Witwatersrand, UK. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39671685.pdf
  • George, J. (2014). Moral Disengagement: An Exploratory Study of Predictive Factors for Digital Aggression and Cyberbullying. (PhD Thesis). University of North Texas, USA. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1671718206?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
  • Georgiou, N., Charalampous, K., & Stavrinides, P. (2022). Moral disengagement and bullying at school: Are there a gender issue? International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 10(3), 395-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2020.1859421
  • Hamuddin, B., Syahdan, S., Rahman, F., Rianita, D., & Derin, T. (2019). Do they truly intend to harm their friends? The motives beyond cyberbullying among university students. International Journal of Cyber-Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 9(4), 32-44. http://doi.10.4018/IJCBPL.2019100103
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. (2006). Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29, 129-156. http://doi.10.1080/01639620701457816
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of suicide research, 14(3), 206-221. http://doi.10.1080/13811118.2010.494133
  • Hymel, S., Rocke-Henderson, N., & Bonanno, R. (2005). Moral disengagement: A framework for understanding bullying among adolescents. Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1), 1–11.
  • ICDL Arabia (2015). Cyber safety reports 2015: Research into the online behavior of Arab youth and the risks they face. ICDL Arabia, United Arab Emirates.
  • Jackson, E., & Sparr, J. (2005). Introducing a new scale for the measurement of moral disengagement in peace and conflict research. Conflict & Communication Online, 4(2), 1-16. http://www.cco.regener-online.de/
  • Johnson, L. (2016). Evaluation of the prevalence of Electronic Bullying among young people in northern Mississippi, USA. (Unpublished Master Thesis). University of Mississippi, USA.
  • Jung, D., & Park, J. (2020). Effect of moral disengagement on cyberbullying perpetration in middle school students and the moderating role of self-control. Family and Environment Research, 58(1), 61-74. http://doi.10.6115/fer.2020.005
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Siber Zorbalık Motivasyonları ve Ergenler Arasında Ahlaki Ayrılma Siber Zorbalar: Aracılık Rollerini Keşfetmek

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 13, 28.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.24.1.01

Öz

Çalışma, siber zorbalığa maruz kalmış ergenleri siber zorbalık yapmaya iten faktörleri ve motivasyonları belirlemeyi ve siber zorbalık, ahlaki uzaklaşma ve zorbalık motivasyonları arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkileri gösteren bir model geliştirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Birincil araştırma örneklemi, Suudi Arabistan Krallığı'ndaki orta okullardaki 804 ergenden oluşuyordu; Yaşları 16,6 ile 19,5 arasında değişen 302 ergen siber zorba olarak tanımlandı (Ort= 18,9, S.D= 1,6). Bu örnek, e-posta ve çeşitli sosyal medya platformları aracılığıyla elektronik bir bağlantı dağıtılarak elde edilmiştir. Çalışma araçları Siber Zorbalık Anketi (CBQ-bully) (Calvete ve diğerleri, 2010), Siber Zorbalık Ahlaki Ayrılma Ölçeği (Bussey & Fitzpatrick, 2014) ve Siber Zorbalık Motivasyonları Ölçeğidir (Megawer & Rabi', Baskıda). Çalışmanın bulguları, güç ve ideolojinin siber zorbalık davranışının en önemli nedenleri olduğunu ve siber zorbalar açısından en önemli nedenler olduğunu, bunu araçsal, eğlence, sadizm, dış etkenler, intikam ve son olarak da ahlaki çözülmenin izlediğini göstermektedir. Erkeklerin lehine olan belirli siber zorbalık faktörlerinde erkekler ve kadınlar arasında farklılıklar vardır. Ek olarak, bulgular siber zorbalık motivasyonlarının ve ahlaki uzaklaşmanın siber zorbalık davranışını olumlu bir şekilde yordadığını ve yapıcı modellemenin kullanılması yoluyla, bazı değişkenlerin (Güç ve ahlaki uzaklaşma) diğer değişkenlerin (Araçsal, ideoloji, intikam, eğlence ve sadizm) siber zorbalık davranışı üzerine.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Al-Diyar, Al. (2021). Empathy, Self-Esteem, and their relation with cyberbullying in a sample of adolescents. Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, 31 (110), 1-32. http://doi.10.21608/ejcj.2021.145353
  • Abu Ela, H. (2017). The effectiveness of selective counseling in reducing the level of cyberbullying in a sample of adolescents: Descriptive - counseling study. Journal of Faculty of Education, Assiut University, 33 (6), 527-563. http://doi.10.21608/mfes.2017.106255
  • Adair, A. (2018). Electronic bullying in early adolescence in Belgian schools: An analytical study on social networking users. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(41), 376-385.
  • Adam, A. (2021). Cyberbullying and Its Psychological and Social Impacts. A study field on a sample of female university students in Khartoum. Journal of Media Studies, Democratic Arabic Center, Berlin, Germany, 14, 60-81.
  • Ahmed, N., & Ahmed, Sayed, D. (2020). The relative contribution of emotion regulation and habits of mind in predicting of cyberbullying among university students. Journal of Faculty of Education, Beni-Sueif University, 17 (95), 168-233. http://doi.10.21608/jfe.2020.124832
  • Al-Enezi, A. (2021). Cyberbullying via the internet and social networking sites: A study on a sample of High school students in Tabuk governorate, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Faculty of Education, Sohag University, 85, 395-440. http://doi.10.21608/EDUSOHAG.2021.159469
  • Al-Rifai, T. (2018). The degree of practice and exposure of students of the basic stage in the Kuwait schools of electronic bullying and the impact of gender variable. Journal of Educational Sciences, Cairo University, 26 (4), 111-145.
  • Alwan, I. (2016). Types of bullying in light of some demographic variables among adolescent students in Abha city. Journal of Education, Al-Azhar University, 168(1), 439-473. http://doi.10.21608/JSREP.2016.31443
  • Al-Zahrani, A. (2015). Cyberbullying among Saudi's higher-education students: Implications for educators and policymakers. World Journal of Education, 5(3), 15-26. http://doi.10.5430/wje.v5n3p15
  • Bandura A., Caprara, G., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., & Regalia, C. (2001). Socio-cognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing transgressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.125
  • Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101-119. http://doi.10.1080/0305724022014322
  • Baumeister, R. F. (2001). Evil: Inside human violence and cruelty. Holt Paperbacks.
  • Bussey, K., & Fitzpatrick, S. (2014). Moral disengagement and cyber bullying associated with cyber witnesses and victims. In K. Bussey (Ed.), Moral disengagement and bystander behavior: The role of moral cognition in student responses to school bullying (p.66). Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence (20-22 Mar. 2014), Austin, Texas.
  • Bussey, K., Fitzpatrick, S., & Raman, A. (2015). The role of moral disengagement and self-efficacy in cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 30-46. http://doi.10.1080/15388220.2014.954045
  • Calvete, E., Orue, I., Estévez, A., Villardón, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1128–1135. http://doi.10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.017
  • Chen, L., Ho, S., & Lwin, M. (2017). A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media, effects approach. New Media & Society, 19(8), 1194-1213. http://doi.10.1177/1461444816634037
  • Cook, C., Williams, K., Guerra, N., & Kim, T. (2010). Variability in the prevalence of bullying and victimization: A cross-national and methodological analysis. In S.R. Jimerson, S.M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 347-362). Rout ledge.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River, Merrill.
  • Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Cuadrado-Gordillo, I., & Fernández-Antelo, I. (2019). Analysis of moral disengagement as a modulating factor in adolescents' perception of cyberbullying. Frontiers in psychology, 10(1222), 1-12. http://doi.10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01222
  • Daoud, J. (2017). Multicollinearity and regression analysis. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 949, 1-6. http://doi.10.1088/1742-6596/949/1/012009
  • Detert, J., Trevino, L., & Sweitzer, V. (2008). Moral disengagement in ethical decision-making: A study of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of applied psychology, 93(2), 374-391. http://doi.10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.374
  • Esposito, C., Spadari, E. M., Caravita, S. C., & Bacchini, D. (2022). Profiles of community violence exposure, moral disengagement, and bullying perpetration: Evidence from a sample of Italian adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9–10), 5887–5913. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211067021
  • Fahmy, B. (2021). Cyberbullying among adolescents on social media networks. Egyptian Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20 (3), 289- 335. http://doi.10.21608/JOA.2021.198148
  • Falla, D., Romera, E., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2021) Aggression, moral disengagement and empathy: A longitudinal study within the interpersonal dynamics of bullying. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 403-468. http://doi.10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703468
  • Fanti, K., & Henrich, C. (2015). Effects of self-esteem and narcissism on bullying and victimization during early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 35, 5-29. http://doi.10.1177/0272431613519498
  • Fluck, J. (2017). Why do students bully? An analysis of motives behind violence in schools. Youth & Society, 49(5), 567-587. http://doi.10.1177/0044118X145478776
  • Foster, I., Wyman, J., & Talwar, V. (2020). Moral disengagement: A new lens with which to examine children’s justifications for lying. Journal of Moral Education, 49(2), 209-225. http://doi.10.1080/03057240.2019.1656057
  • Fricker, R. D. (2016). Sampling methods for online surveys, In Nigel G. Fielding, Raymond M. Lee & Grant Blank (Eds), The SAGE handbook of online research methods (pp. 162-183). ‏ SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Garbharran, A. (2013). Structural implications of the activation of moral disengagement in social cognitive theory. (PhD Thesis). University of the Witwatersrand, UK. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39671685.pdf
  • George, J. (2014). Moral Disengagement: An Exploratory Study of Predictive Factors for Digital Aggression and Cyberbullying. (PhD Thesis). University of North Texas, USA. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1671718206?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
  • Georgiou, N., Charalampous, K., & Stavrinides, P. (2022). Moral disengagement and bullying at school: Are there a gender issue? International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 10(3), 395-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2020.1859421
  • Hamuddin, B., Syahdan, S., Rahman, F., Rianita, D., & Derin, T. (2019). Do they truly intend to harm their friends? The motives beyond cyberbullying among university students. International Journal of Cyber-Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 9(4), 32-44. http://doi.10.4018/IJCBPL.2019100103
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. (2006). Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29, 129-156. http://doi.10.1080/01639620701457816
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of suicide research, 14(3), 206-221. http://doi.10.1080/13811118.2010.494133
  • Hymel, S., Rocke-Henderson, N., & Bonanno, R. (2005). Moral disengagement: A framework for understanding bullying among adolescents. Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1), 1–11.
  • ICDL Arabia (2015). Cyber safety reports 2015: Research into the online behavior of Arab youth and the risks they face. ICDL Arabia, United Arab Emirates.
  • Jackson, E., & Sparr, J. (2005). Introducing a new scale for the measurement of moral disengagement in peace and conflict research. Conflict & Communication Online, 4(2), 1-16. http://www.cco.regener-online.de/
  • Johnson, L. (2016). Evaluation of the prevalence of Electronic Bullying among young people in northern Mississippi, USA. (Unpublished Master Thesis). University of Mississippi, USA.
  • Jung, D., & Park, J. (2020). Effect of moral disengagement on cyberbullying perpetration in middle school students and the moderating role of self-control. Family and Environment Research, 58(1), 61-74. http://doi.10.6115/fer.2020.005
  • Khalil, Sahar Issa (2021). The role of the family in confronting cyberbullying among its children: A proposed vision. Reading & Knowledge Magazine, 242, 81-125. http://doi.10.21608/MRK.2021.214434
  • Knauf, R., Eschenbeck, H., & Hock, M. (2018). Bystanders of bullying: Social-cognitive and affective reactions to school bullying and cyberbullying. Cyber-psychology. Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 12(4), article 3. http://doi.10.5817/CP2018-4-3
  • Kodama, K., Harriger, J., Mancuso, E., & Miller-Perrin, C. (2016). Positive attitudes as a mediator between moral disengagement and cyberbullying behaviors. Pepperdine University. Corpus ID: 55097060 Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 1777–1791. http://doi.10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005
  • Li, Q., & Fung, T. (2012). Predicting student behaviors: Cyberbullies, cybervictims, and bystanders. In Q. Li, D. Cross, & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 99-114). Wiley Blackwell. http://doi.10.1002/9781119954484.ch6
  • Megawer, A. & Rashwan, R. (2023). Cyberbullying and its relationship to bullying motives, moral disengagement, and aggression among High school students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Khalifa Award for Education, the United Arab Emirates, UAE.
  • Megawer, A.; & Rashwan, R. (2023). Psychometric properties of the cyberbullying motivation scale. Journal of Scientific Research, 22(4), 11-39.
  • Menesini, E., Sanchez, V., Fonzi, A., Ortega, R., Costabile, A., & Lo Feudo, G. (2003). Moral emotions and bullying: A cross-national comparison of differences between bullies, victims and outsiders. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 515–530. http://doi.10.1002/ab.10060
  • Muhammad, T. (2019). The reality of electronic bullying phenomenon among the High school students in Fayoum governorate: A field study and ways to confront it. Fayoum University Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 12 (2), 181-247. http://doi.10.21608/jfust.2019.83237
  • Mukhtar, M., & Subhash, S. (1993). Robustness to nonmorality of the Durbin-Watson test for autocorrelation. Journal of Econometrics, 57(1), 117-136. http://doi.10.1016/0304-4076(93)90061-9
  • Nocera, T., Dahlen, E., Poor, A., Strowd, J., Dortch, A., & Van-Overloop, E. (2022). Moral disengagement mechanisms predict cyber aggression among emerging adults. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(1), 1-18. http://doi.10.5817/CP2022-1-6
  • Patchin, J., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148–169. http://doi.10.1177/1541204006286288
  • Patton, M.Q. (2002) Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Sage
  • Pinker, S. (2011). The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. Penguin Group.
  • Pornari, C., & Wood, J. (2010). Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students: The role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 81–94. http://doi.10.1002/ab.20336
  • Rao, J., Wang, H., Pang, M., Yang, J., Zhang, J., Ye, Y., ... & Dong, X. (2019). Cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among junior and senior high school students in Guangzhou, China. Injury Prevention, 25(1), 13- 19. http://doi.10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042211
  • Sakran, Al. & Aloun, I. (2016). The factorial structure of phenomenon of school bullying as an integrative concept, the ratio spread and its justifications among public education students in Abha city. Journal of Special Education, 16, 1-60. http://doi.10.21608/MTKH.2016.168554
  • Sharma, A. (2020). Cyberbullying: Unraveling the motives of a cyberbully and its impact on the victim. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 8(4), 1071-1077. http://doi.10.25215/0804.125
  • Shrestha, N. (2020). Detecting multicollinearity in regression analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 8(2), 39-42. http://doi.10.12691/ajams-8-2-1
  • Smith, P., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385. http://doi.10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
  • Tanrikulu, I., & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2021). Motives behind cyberbullying perpetration: A test of uses and gratifications theory. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36 (13-14), 6699-6724. http://doi.10.1177/0886260518819882
  • Torkashvand, M., Sarrami, G., keramati, H., & Noori, R. (2022). Investigating the mediating role of moral motivation and moral emotions in the effect of moral disengagement on bullying: Tehran elementary school students. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 23(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.30486/jsrp.2020.1876933.2015
  • Twyman, K., Saylor, C., Taylor, L., & Comeaux, C. (2010). Comparing children and adolescents engaged in cyber bullying to match peers. Cyber psychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 195-199. http://doi.10.1089/cyber.2009.0137
  • Varjas, K., Talley, J., Meyers, J., Parris, L., & Cutts, H. (2010). High school students’ perceptions of motivations for cyberbullying: An exploratory study. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine: Integrating Emergency Care with Population Health, 11(3), 269-273. PMID: 20882148; PMCID: PMC2941365.
  • Xio, B., & Wong, Y. (2013). Cyber-bullying among university students: An empirical investigation from the social cognitive perspective. International Journal of Business and Information, 8(10), 34-69. http://doi.10.6702/IJBI.2013.8.1.2.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikolojik danışmanlık
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ahmed Abdelaliem 0000-0002-4561-3391

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 27 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Abdelaliem, A. (2024). Cyberbullying motivations and moral disengagement among adolescent Cyberbullies: Exploring the mediating roles. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.24.1.01