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İNGİLİZ KRALİYET AFRİKAN ŞİRKETİ 1672-1752: KALELERİ, KÖLE VE ALTIN TİCARETİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 30, 704 - 718, 28.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.601630

Öz

Afrika ve onun insanları sömürge tarihi boyunca en
fazla istismar edilenler arasındadır. Ülkenin kaynaklarının yanı sıra insanları
da alınıp satılmıştır. Batı medeniyeti bu kıtada etkinlik kurabilmek için büyük
çaba harcamıştır. İngiliz Kraliyet Afrikan Şirketi´de kurulduğu ilk günden
itibaren bu kıtanın zenginliklerinin peşine düşmüştür. Atlantiğe açılan her bir
şirket gemisi kara kıtaya çok az şey kazandırıken karşılığında ise insanları
başta olmak üzere sömürülecek herşeyi almıştır. Altına ulaşma ve zenginlik
adına yapılan herbir ticari sefer batıya daha fazla refah getirirken kurulan
kalelerde kıtaya adeta birer hançer gibi saplanmıştır. Afrika´nın sömürülmesine
diğer Avrupa ülkelerine göre daha geç başlayan İngilizler ise kurdukları
şirketleri ve faaliyetleri ile bu açığı kapatmıştır. Özellikle kıta insanının
köleleştirilmesinden ise çok büyük kazançlar elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışma
İngiliz ve Afrika tarihi açısından büyük bir öneme sahip Kraliyet Afrikan
Şirketinin faaliyetlerini ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışma sayesinde
kıtanın nasıl sömürüldüğünün daha iyi anlaşılacağı düşünülmektedir. 




Kaynakça

  • Adams, R., Adams, C. (2005). The Narrative of Robert Adams, A Barbary Captive: A Critical Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Blake, J. W. (1942). Europeans in West Africa, 1450-1560, trs. and ed. London: Hakluyt Society, vol. 1.
  • Carlos, A., Chen Y., and Smith R. (2000). Purchasing Strategies: The Case of the Royal African Company, Research Paper, Department of Economics, University of Colorado at Boulder. March.
  • Carlos, A. and Hejeebu, S. (2006). Specific Information and the English Chartered Companies, 1650 1750. XIV International Economic History Congress, Session 1, Helsinki.
  • Carrington, C. (1950). The British Overseas: Exploits of a Nation of Shopkeepers. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Davies K. G. (1957). The Royal African Company. London: Longmans.
  • Daaku, K. Y. (1970). Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast, 1600-1720: A study of the African Reaction to European Trade. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Galenson, D. W. (1986). Traders, Planters and Slaves: Market Behaviour in Early English America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eltis, D.(1994). The Relative Importance of Slaves in the Atlantic Trade of Seventeenth Century Africa. Journal of African History, 35, 237-249.
  • Horrigan, L. F. (2016). Settling the Trade to Africa: The Anglo-African Trade, 1695-1715, and the Political and Economic Implications of 1698. Master of Arts by Research (MARes) thesis, University of Kent.
  • Inikori, J. (2002). Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Justesen, O. (ed.) (2005). Danish Sources for the History of Ghana, 1657-1754. Copenhagen: Fontes Historiae Africanae,
  • Kelly, K. G. (1997). The Archaeology of African-European Interaction: Investigating the Social Roles of Trade, Traders, and the Use of Space in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Hueda
  • Kingdom, Republic of Benin. World Archaeology 28, 3: 351-369.
  • Kennedy, P. (1989). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. London: Fontana Press.
  • Law, R. (1991). The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550-1750. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Law, R. (2004). Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving ‘Port’, 1727-1892. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
  • Law, R. (2007). The Komenda Wars, 1694–1700: a Revised Narrative. History in Africa, 34: 133-168.
  • Lawrence, A. W. (1963). Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa, London: Jonathan Cape.
  • Miller, C. J. (2013). Credit, Captives, Collateral, and Currencies: Debt, Slavery, and the Financing of the Atlantic World,” in Gwyn C. Campbell and Alessandro Stanziani, eds. Debt and Slavery in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Worlds. London: Pickering and Chatto.
  • Mitchell, M. D. (2013). Legitimate commerce in the Eighteenth Century: The Royal African Company of England Under the Duke of Chandos, 1720–1726. Business History Conference, Oxford University Press, 544-578.
  • Newman, S. (2013). A New World of Labor: The Development of Plantation Slavery in the British Atlantic. Philadelphia.
  • Palmer, C. (1981). Human Cargoes: The British Slave Trade to Spanish America, 1700-1739. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois.
  • Paul, H. J. (2007). Joint-Stock Companies as the Sinews of War: The South Sea and Royal African Companies, in Sánchez, R. F. (2007). War, State and Development. Fiscal-Military States in the Eighteenth Century, Navarra: EUNSA, 277-294.
  • Paul, H. J. (2008). The Maintenance of British Slaving Forts in Africa: the Activities of Joint-Stock Companies and the Royal Navy. Fiscal-Military States Preconference, Gran Canaria, 1-21.
  • Pettigrew, W. (2013). Freedom’s Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672-1752, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Pierre, B. (1892). Les Grandes Compagnies de Commerce. Paris.
  • Pindar, T. (1709). Some Considerations on the Late Act of Parliament, for Settling the Trade to Africa. London: Eighteenth Century Collections.
  • Richardson, D. (1979). West African Consumption Patterns and Their Influence on the Eighteenth Century English Slave Trade, in Henry A. Gemery and Jan S. Hogendorn. The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, New York: Academic Press.
  • Rodger, N. A. M. (2006). The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815. London: Penguin.
  • Rodney, W. (1975). The Guinea Coast, in Gray, R. (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa: Vol. 4 from c. 1600 to c. 1790. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 223-324.
  • Scott, W. R. (1903). The Constitution and Finance of The Royal African Company of England From Its Foundation Till 1720, American Historical Review, Vol VIII, No 2, January, 241-259.
  • Thornton, J. (1992). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1680. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Treasury Papers (1663-1670). Royal African Company, Court Book of the Assistants of the Company. London: Public Record Office.
  • Voyages Database, www.slavevoyages.org. Erişimi: 13.05.2019

BRITISH ROYAL AFRICAN COMPANY 1672-1752: CASTLES, SLAVES AND GOLD TRADE

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 30, 704 - 718, 28.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.601630

Öz

Africa and its people are among the most abused throughout colonial history. In addition to the
country's resources, people have been bought and sold. Western civilization has made great
efforts to establish activity on this continent. The British Royal African Company has been
pursuing the riches of this continent since its inception. Each company ship opened to the Atlantic
has brought little to the land continent, but in return it has received everything to be exploited,
especially its people. While each commercial expedition in the name of reaching gold and wealth
brought more prosperity to the west, the castles were stuck in the continent like daggers. The
British, who started the exploitation of Africa later than other European countries, closed this gap
with the companies they established and their activities. Particularly in the enslavement of the
continental people, great gains have been achieved. This study aims to reveal the activities of the
Royal African Company, which is of great importance for British and African history. It is
thought that the study will be able to better understand how the continent was exploited.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, R., Adams, C. (2005). The Narrative of Robert Adams, A Barbary Captive: A Critical Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Blake, J. W. (1942). Europeans in West Africa, 1450-1560, trs. and ed. London: Hakluyt Society, vol. 1.
  • Carlos, A., Chen Y., and Smith R. (2000). Purchasing Strategies: The Case of the Royal African Company, Research Paper, Department of Economics, University of Colorado at Boulder. March.
  • Carlos, A. and Hejeebu, S. (2006). Specific Information and the English Chartered Companies, 1650 1750. XIV International Economic History Congress, Session 1, Helsinki.
  • Carrington, C. (1950). The British Overseas: Exploits of a Nation of Shopkeepers. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Davies K. G. (1957). The Royal African Company. London: Longmans.
  • Daaku, K. Y. (1970). Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast, 1600-1720: A study of the African Reaction to European Trade. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Galenson, D. W. (1986). Traders, Planters and Slaves: Market Behaviour in Early English America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Eltis, D.(1994). The Relative Importance of Slaves in the Atlantic Trade of Seventeenth Century Africa. Journal of African History, 35, 237-249.
  • Horrigan, L. F. (2016). Settling the Trade to Africa: The Anglo-African Trade, 1695-1715, and the Political and Economic Implications of 1698. Master of Arts by Research (MARes) thesis, University of Kent.
  • Inikori, J. (2002). Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Justesen, O. (ed.) (2005). Danish Sources for the History of Ghana, 1657-1754. Copenhagen: Fontes Historiae Africanae,
  • Kelly, K. G. (1997). The Archaeology of African-European Interaction: Investigating the Social Roles of Trade, Traders, and the Use of Space in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Hueda
  • Kingdom, Republic of Benin. World Archaeology 28, 3: 351-369.
  • Kennedy, P. (1989). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. London: Fontana Press.
  • Law, R. (1991). The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550-1750. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Law, R. (2004). Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving ‘Port’, 1727-1892. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
  • Law, R. (2007). The Komenda Wars, 1694–1700: a Revised Narrative. History in Africa, 34: 133-168.
  • Lawrence, A. W. (1963). Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa, London: Jonathan Cape.
  • Miller, C. J. (2013). Credit, Captives, Collateral, and Currencies: Debt, Slavery, and the Financing of the Atlantic World,” in Gwyn C. Campbell and Alessandro Stanziani, eds. Debt and Slavery in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Worlds. London: Pickering and Chatto.
  • Mitchell, M. D. (2013). Legitimate commerce in the Eighteenth Century: The Royal African Company of England Under the Duke of Chandos, 1720–1726. Business History Conference, Oxford University Press, 544-578.
  • Newman, S. (2013). A New World of Labor: The Development of Plantation Slavery in the British Atlantic. Philadelphia.
  • Palmer, C. (1981). Human Cargoes: The British Slave Trade to Spanish America, 1700-1739. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois.
  • Paul, H. J. (2007). Joint-Stock Companies as the Sinews of War: The South Sea and Royal African Companies, in Sánchez, R. F. (2007). War, State and Development. Fiscal-Military States in the Eighteenth Century, Navarra: EUNSA, 277-294.
  • Paul, H. J. (2008). The Maintenance of British Slaving Forts in Africa: the Activities of Joint-Stock Companies and the Royal Navy. Fiscal-Military States Preconference, Gran Canaria, 1-21.
  • Pettigrew, W. (2013). Freedom’s Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672-1752, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Pierre, B. (1892). Les Grandes Compagnies de Commerce. Paris.
  • Pindar, T. (1709). Some Considerations on the Late Act of Parliament, for Settling the Trade to Africa. London: Eighteenth Century Collections.
  • Richardson, D. (1979). West African Consumption Patterns and Their Influence on the Eighteenth Century English Slave Trade, in Henry A. Gemery and Jan S. Hogendorn. The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, New York: Academic Press.
  • Rodger, N. A. M. (2006). The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815. London: Penguin.
  • Rodney, W. (1975). The Guinea Coast, in Gray, R. (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa: Vol. 4 from c. 1600 to c. 1790. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 223-324.
  • Scott, W. R. (1903). The Constitution and Finance of The Royal African Company of England From Its Foundation Till 1720, American Historical Review, Vol VIII, No 2, January, 241-259.
  • Thornton, J. (1992). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1680. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Treasury Papers (1663-1670). Royal African Company, Court Book of the Assistants of the Company. London: Public Record Office.
  • Voyages Database, www.slavevoyages.org. Erişimi: 13.05.2019
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Günarslan 0000-0002-7276-7476

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ağustos 2019
Kabul Tarihi 27 Kasım 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 30

Kaynak Göster

APA Günarslan, H. (2019). İNGİLİZ KRALİYET AFRİKAN ŞİRKETİ 1672-1752: KALELERİ, KÖLE VE ALTIN TİCARETİ. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(30), 704-718. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.601630