Öz
Mythic and religious narratives that envision the end of the world position the apocalypse in a futuristic time where certain events would sequentially occur finally building up to the inevitable end. Speculative fiction that depicts near-apocalypses do not however, prefer unconceivable futures but favour the current time of the narrative, depicting them as events happening now. Operating within the apocalyptic chronotope, science fiction bonds present day concerns with possible catastrophes. One such narrative is Harry Bates’ short story “Farewell to the Master” (1940) which also generated two film adaptations entitled The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951, 2008). While Bates’ short story relates how humanity is prone to act imprudently during a relatively peaceful period, the 1951 film turns to that of the Cold War and its repercussions, and the 2008 remake of The Day the Earth Stood Still centres around the theme of nature. As environmental concerns dominate our era the 2008 film reflects humanity’s ever- growing consumption and destruction of its natural surroundings. As the source text and its adaptations provide possible apocalyptic visions or scenarios adjusted to their respective audiences, this essay analyses these narratives through the apocalyptic chronotope, exploring and building on Bakhtin’s theory. In doing so, this essay attempts to discern the ways in which adapted near apocalyptic scenarios shift and change to accommodate contemporary concerns within a temporal and spatial framework.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Science Fiction Adaptation Near Apocalyptic Narratives Bakhtin Apocalyptic Chronotope
Kaynakça
- Bakhtin M. M. (1937-38). “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel: Notes toward a Historical
- Poetics”. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. C. Emerson & M. Holquist. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays (1981) 84-258. Texas.
- Barkun M. (2013). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. California 2013.
- Barone D. (1996). “Klaatu was No Angel: A Historical-Contextual Analysis of the Day the Earth Stood Still”. Studies in the Humanities 23/2 (1996) 202-212.
- Bates H. (1940). “Farewell to the Master”. Astounding Science Fiction, October, n.p.
- Berlet C. (2000). “Apocalypse”. Ed. R. A. Landes. Encyclopedia of Millenialism and Millenial Movements (2000) 45-52. New York.
- Bould M. (2003). “Film and Television”. Eds. E. James & F. Mendlesohn, The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (2003) 79-95. Cambridge.
- Cowan D.E. (2009). “Seeing the Saviour in the Stars: Religion, Conformity, and the Day the Earth Stood Still”. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 21/1 (2009) n.p.
- Derrickson S. (Dir.) & Boardman P.H., Goodman G. & Stoff E. (Producers). (2008). The Day the Earth Stood Still [Film]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.
- Gabbard K. (1982). “Religious and Political Allegory in Robert Wise’s the Day the Earth Stood Still”. Literature/Film Quarterly 10/3 (1982) 150-154.
- Hendershot C. (1997). “The Atomic Scientist, Science Fiction Films, and Paranoia: The Day the Earth Stood Still, This Island Earth, and Killers from Space”. Journal of American Culture 20/1 (1997) 31-41.
- Holquist M. (1990). Dialogism: Bakhtin and his World. London 1990.
- James E. (2003). “Utopias and Anti-Utopias”. Eds. E. James & F. Mendlesohn, The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (2003) 219-229. Cambridge.
- Jancovich M. & Johnston D. (2011). “Film and Television, The 1950s”. Eds. M. Bould, A. M. Butler, A.
- Roberts & S. Vint, The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction (2011) 71-79. Oxford.
- Kermode F. (2000). The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction. Oxford 2000.
- Kozlovic A.K. (2004). “The Structural Characteristics of the Cinematic Christ-figure”. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 8 (2004) n.p.
- Lambourne R, Shallis M. & Shortland M. (1990). Close Encounters? Science and Science Fiction. New York 1990.
- Murray C. (2010). “Catastrophe and Development in the Adventure Romance”. English Literature inTransition: 1880-1920 53/2 (2010) 150-69.
- Pardon J. (2008). “Revisiting a Science Fiction Classic: Interpreting the Day the Earth Stood Still for Contemporary Film Audiences”. Journal of Popular Film and Television 36/3 (2008) 141-149.
- Rubin S. (1976). “Retrospect: The Day the Earth Stood Still”. Cinefantastique 4/4 (1976) 5-22.
- Seed D. (2000). “Introduction: Aspects of Apocalypse”. Ed. D. Seed, Imagining Apocalypse: Studies in Cultural Crisis (2000) 1-14. London.
- Skoble A.J. (2008). “Technology and Ethics in the Day the Earth Stood Still”. Ed. Steven M. Sanders. The Philosophy of Science Fiction Film (2008) 91-101. Kentucky.
- Sontag S. (1965). “The Imagination of Disaster”. Commentary 40 (1965) 42-48.
- Torry R. (1991). “Apocalypse Then: Benefits of the Bomb in Fifties Science Fiction Films”. Cinema Journal 31/1 (1991) 7-21.
- Vines M.E. (2007). “The Apocalyptic Chronotope”. Ed. R. Boer, Bakhtin and Genre Theory in Biblical Studies (2007) 109-117. Atlanta.
- Wise R. (Dir.) & Blaustein J. (Producer). (1951). The Day the Earth Stood Still [Film]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox
Öz
Dünyanın sonunu hayal eden mitsel ve dinsel metinler genelde kıyameti sırasıyla gerçekleşecek olan alametlerin sonunda, gelecekte bir zamana yerleştirir. Olası kıyametleri betimleyen spekülatif kurgu ise tahmin edilemeyen bir gelecekte değil, metnin şimdiki zamanında gerçekleşen bir olay olarak gösterir kıyameti. Bilim kurgu metinleri, kıyamet kronotopunun içerisinde işleyerek, güncel sorunlarla muhtemel afetleri birbirine bağlar. Buna örnek olabilecek metinlerden birisi ise Harry Bates’in “Efendiye Elveda” (1940) isimli kısa hikayesidir. Bu kaynak metin ayrıca Dünyanın Durduğu Gün (1951, 2008) adında iki film uyarlamasına da neden olmuştur. Bates’in kısa hikayesi görece barışçıl bir dönemde insanlığın nasıl öngörüsüz davranabileceğine değinirken, 1951 filmi Soğuk Savaşa ve doğurabileceği sonuçlara odaklanır. Dünyanın Durduğu Gün’ün 2008 yeniden yapımı ise merkezine doğa temasını alır: çevresel kaygılar dönemimize hükmettiğinden, bu film insanlığın doğal çevresini durmadan tüketmesi ve yok etmesini yansıtır. Kaynak metin ve uyarlamaları olası kıyamet görülerini veya senaryolarını dönemin seyircisine uyarlayarak sunduğundan, bu makale bahsi geçen metinleri Bakhtin’in kronotop teorisinden beslenip üzerine yapılandırarak kıyamet kronotopu aracılığıyla incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Böylelikle, bu makale uyarlanmış olası kıyamet senaryolarının güncel kaygıları barındırabilmek için zamansal ve uzamsal çerçevede nasıl değişime uğrayıp şekillendiğini irdeleyecektir
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bilim Kurgu Uyarlama Olası Kıyamet Metinleri Bakhtin Kıyamet Kronotopu
Kaynakça
- Bakhtin M. M. (1937-38). “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel: Notes toward a Historical
- Poetics”. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. C. Emerson & M. Holquist. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays (1981) 84-258. Texas.
- Barkun M. (2013). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. California 2013.
- Barone D. (1996). “Klaatu was No Angel: A Historical-Contextual Analysis of the Day the Earth Stood Still”. Studies in the Humanities 23/2 (1996) 202-212.
- Bates H. (1940). “Farewell to the Master”. Astounding Science Fiction, October, n.p.
- Berlet C. (2000). “Apocalypse”. Ed. R. A. Landes. Encyclopedia of Millenialism and Millenial Movements (2000) 45-52. New York.
- Bould M. (2003). “Film and Television”. Eds. E. James & F. Mendlesohn, The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (2003) 79-95. Cambridge.
- Cowan D.E. (2009). “Seeing the Saviour in the Stars: Religion, Conformity, and the Day the Earth Stood Still”. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 21/1 (2009) n.p.
- Derrickson S. (Dir.) & Boardman P.H., Goodman G. & Stoff E. (Producers). (2008). The Day the Earth Stood Still [Film]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.
- Gabbard K. (1982). “Religious and Political Allegory in Robert Wise’s the Day the Earth Stood Still”. Literature/Film Quarterly 10/3 (1982) 150-154.
- Hendershot C. (1997). “The Atomic Scientist, Science Fiction Films, and Paranoia: The Day the Earth Stood Still, This Island Earth, and Killers from Space”. Journal of American Culture 20/1 (1997) 31-41.
- Holquist M. (1990). Dialogism: Bakhtin and his World. London 1990.
- James E. (2003). “Utopias and Anti-Utopias”. Eds. E. James & F. Mendlesohn, The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (2003) 219-229. Cambridge.
- Jancovich M. & Johnston D. (2011). “Film and Television, The 1950s”. Eds. M. Bould, A. M. Butler, A.
- Roberts & S. Vint, The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction (2011) 71-79. Oxford.
- Kermode F. (2000). The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction. Oxford 2000.
- Kozlovic A.K. (2004). “The Structural Characteristics of the Cinematic Christ-figure”. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 8 (2004) n.p.
- Lambourne R, Shallis M. & Shortland M. (1990). Close Encounters? Science and Science Fiction. New York 1990.
- Murray C. (2010). “Catastrophe and Development in the Adventure Romance”. English Literature inTransition: 1880-1920 53/2 (2010) 150-69.
- Pardon J. (2008). “Revisiting a Science Fiction Classic: Interpreting the Day the Earth Stood Still for Contemporary Film Audiences”. Journal of Popular Film and Television 36/3 (2008) 141-149.
- Rubin S. (1976). “Retrospect: The Day the Earth Stood Still”. Cinefantastique 4/4 (1976) 5-22.
- Seed D. (2000). “Introduction: Aspects of Apocalypse”. Ed. D. Seed, Imagining Apocalypse: Studies in Cultural Crisis (2000) 1-14. London.
- Skoble A.J. (2008). “Technology and Ethics in the Day the Earth Stood Still”. Ed. Steven M. Sanders. The Philosophy of Science Fiction Film (2008) 91-101. Kentucky.
- Sontag S. (1965). “The Imagination of Disaster”. Commentary 40 (1965) 42-48.
- Torry R. (1991). “Apocalypse Then: Benefits of the Bomb in Fifties Science Fiction Films”. Cinema Journal 31/1 (1991) 7-21.
- Vines M.E. (2007). “The Apocalyptic Chronotope”. Ed. R. Boer, Bakhtin and Genre Theory in Biblical Studies (2007) 109-117. Atlanta.
- Wise R. (Dir.) & Blaustein J. (Producer). (1951). The Day the Earth Stood Still [Film]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Dünya Dilleri, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 |
| Adres: Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi 07058 Kampüs, Antalya / TÜRKİYE | E-Posta: mjh@akdeniz.edu.tr |