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Otorite Aktarımı Adına Siyasi Gerekçelerle Evlilik Kurumunun Kullanılması ve Kalıtsal Ardıllık: Outremer Örneği (1099-1291)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 140 - 167, 26.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1242292

Öz

Evlilik Doğu ya da Batı fark etmeksizin çoğu Orta Çağ toplumu için hayati öneme sahiptir. Sıradan insanlar için soy bağının devamında rol oynayan evlilik, aristokrat aileler için bundan fazlasıdır. Evlilik kurumu vasıtasıyla kurulan siyasi ağlar devletler için büyük kazanımlar elde etmenin en pratik yolu olarak kabul edilebilir. Bu kabullerin Outremer toplumu için de geçerli olduğu bilinen bir gerçektir. Outremer toplumunun belirli dönemlerde deneyimlediği erkek varis yoksunluğu, hanedan içerisinde bulunan kadınların önemini artırmış ve evlilik kurumu üzerinden yönetime koca olma yoluyla kral-prens sağlanmıştır. Latin Doğu’da iktidarın ya da verasetin temel kaynağı çoğunlukla soylu kadınlar olmasına rağmen dönem şartları gereği kadınların konumları evlilik üzerine inşa edilmiş ve erkek varis yoksunluğunda siyasal manada bir kriz yaşanmaması için asil kadınlar peş peşe evlilikler yapmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Kadının kalıtsal mirası üzerine inşa edilen bu sistemde kadının siyasal katılımı kısıtlı olmasına rağmen kişiliği, iç ve dış huzurun seviyesi kullanılan otoriteyi doğrudan etkilemiştir. Krallığın erken dönem tarihinde kadının siyasal alana katılımı daha fazla iken, geç dönem tarihinde kadınların hızlı bir şekilde evlendirilmesi zaruri görülmüş, siyasi otorite kullanımları azalmıştır. Çalışmamızın amacı Outremer soylu kadınının kalıtsal mirası üzerine inşa edilen krallık-prenslik sisteminin işleyiş şekli ve bunun Outremer siyasi sahasına yansımalarını tespit etmektir. Bu bağlamda çalışmamız kadın ve evlilik kurumu üzerinden Outremer toplumunun bütüncül siyasal, kültürel, sosyal bir değerlendirmesini yapmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdurrahmanoğlu Asiye, “Latin Doğu’da Kadın İktidarına ilk Teşebbüs: Antakya Prensesi Alice”, Orta Çağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, cilt: II, sayı:I, 2019, ss. 109-120.
  • Altınay, Ramazan-Habibe Ceren Dağdeviren, “Haçlı Devletleri Döneminde Kadın Algısı, Siyasi Evlilikler ve Devlet Yönetiminde Kadınların Rolü”, Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, cilt: 10, no: 3, Eylül 2021, ss. 95-109.
  • Archer, T. A., The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, G. P. Putnam’s Son, New York, 1895.
  • Asbridge, Thomas, “Alice of Antioch: A Case Study of Female Power in the Twelfth Century”, (Ed.Peter Edbury-Jonathan Phillips), The Experience of Crusading, cilt: II., Chambridge University Press, UK, 2003, ss. 29-47.
  • Basset, Hayley, “Regnant Queenship and Royal Marriage Between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Nobility of Western Europe”, (Ed. Elena Woodacre), A Companion to Global Queenship, ARC Humanities Press, UK, 2018, ss. 39-52.
  • Bradbury, Jim, The Routledge Companion To: Medieval Warfare, Routledge Taylor&Francis Gorup, New York, 2005.
  • Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, (Çev. M. L. De Mas Latrie), La Sociéete de l’Histoire de France, Paris, 1871.
  • Claster, Jill N., Sacred Violence: The Europen Crusades To the Middle East: 1095-1396, Universtıy of Toronto Press, Canada, 2009.
  • Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre Text, (Çev.Janet Shirley), Ashgate Publishing, USA, 1999.
  • Duby, George, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, The Unversity of Chicago Press, (Çev.Jane Dunnel), Chicago, 1994.
  • Edbury, Peter, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades: 1191-1374, Cambridge University Press, USA, 1991.
  • Eileen, Power, Medieval Women, (Ed. M. M. Postan), Chambridhe University Press, Chambridge 1975.
  • Falks, Avner, Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy, Karnac Books, London, 2010.
  • Folda, Joraslav, Crusader Art in the Holy Land: From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre (1187-1291), Cambridge University Press, USA, 2005.
  • Freidman, Yvonne, Encounter Between Enemies: Captivity and Ransom in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Brill Press, Leiden, 2002.
  • Gaudette, Helen A., “The Spendindg Power of a Crusader Queen: Melisende of Jerusalem”, (Ed. Theresa Earenfight), Women and Wealth in Late Medieval Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, UK, 2010, ss. 135-148.
  • Genç, Özlem, “Orta Çağ Avrupa’sında Kadın”, (Ed. Altan Çetin), Orta Çağ’da Kadın, Lotus Yayınları, Ankara, 2011, ss. 241- 296.
  • Gerish, Deborah, “Aimery of Lusignan”, (Ed. Alan V. Murray), The Crusades : An Encyclopedia , ABC-CLIO, Oxford England, 2006, ss. 24.
  • Goldsmith, Linda, “Maria of Jerusalem”, (Ed. Alan V. Murray), The Crusades : An Encyclopedia , ABC-CLIO, Oxford England, 2006, ss. 800-801.
  • Goldsmith, Linda, “Sibylle”, (Ed. Alan V. Murray), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, Oxford, 2006, ss. 1104.
  • Goldsmith, Linda, “Isabella II of Jerusalem”, (Ed. Alan V. Murray), The Crusades : An Encyclopedia , ABC-CLIO, Oxford, England 2006, ss. 423-424.
  • Goldsmith, Linda, “Isabella of Jerusalem”, (Ed. Alan V. Murray), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, Oxford, 2006, ss. 644.
  • Greilsammer, Myriam, Le Livre au Roi: Introduction, Notes et Edition Crituqué, l’Acédemie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1995.
  • Hamilton, Bernard, “Haçlı Devletlerinde Kadın: Kudüs Kraliçeleri (110-1190)”, (Çev. Asiye Abdurrahmanoğlu-Şafak Efe), The Legends Journal European History Studies, sayı: 2, yıl: 2021, ss. 141-165.
  • Hamilton, Bernard, “King Consort of Jerusalem and their Entourages from the West from 1186 to 1256”, (Ed. Eberhard Mayer), Die Kreuzfahrerstaaten als multikulturelle Gesellschaft, Oldenburg Wissenschaftsverlag, Germany, 1997, ss. 13-24.
  • Hamilton, Bernard, The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge Universty Press, UK, 2000.
  • Hillenbrand, Carole, The İmprisonment of the Reynald of Chatillon: Texts, Documents and Artefacts [Electronik Resource]: İslamic Studies in Honour of D. S. Richard, (Ed. Chase F. Robinson), Brill Publishing, Boston, 2003.
  • Honeycutt, Lois L., “Female Succession and the Language of Power in the Writing the Twelfth Century Churhmen”, (Ed. John Carmi Parsons), Medieval Queenship, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1993, ss. 189-202.
  • Hudgson, Natash, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in the Historicial Narrative, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2007.
  • Ioannes Kinnamos, Ioannes Kinnamos’un Historia’sı (1118-1176), (Çev. Işın Demirkent), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 2001.
  • Jackson, Guida M., Women Leaders of Africa, Asia, Middle East and Pasific, Xlibris Corporation, USA, 2009.
  • Jaspert, Nikolas, The Crusades, (Ed. Phyllis G. Jestica), Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, New York, 2006.
  • Jonathan Philips (Ed.), Holly Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades, The Random House Publishing Group, New York, 2010.
  • Jones, J. Sidney, The Crusades Biografhies, (Ed. Marcia Merryman Means-Neil Schlager ), Thomsan Gale, New York, 2004.
  • Jordan, Erin L., “Exploring the Limits of Female Largesse: The Power of Female Patrons in Thirteenth-Century Flanders and Hainaut”, (Ed. Theresa Earenfight), Women and Wealth in Late Medieval Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, UK, 2010, ss. 149-170.
  • Jordan, Erin L., “Hostage, Sister, Abbes: The Life of Iveta of Jerusalem”, Medieval Prosopography, cilt: 32, no: 1, 2017, ss. 66-86.
  • Jordan, Erin L., “Women of Antioch: Political Culture and Powerful Women in the Latin East”, (Ed. Heather J. Tanner), Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power: 1100-1400, Palgrave Macmillan, Switzeerland 2019, ss. 225-246.
  • Jotischky, Andrew, Crusading and The Crusading State, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, New York, 2004.
  • Kumhera, Glenn, The Benefits of Peace: Private Peacemaking in Late Medieval İtaly, Brill Press, Leiden, 2006.
  • Küçüksipahioğlu, Birsel, Trablus Haçlı Kontluğu, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul, 2006.
  • Lambert, Sarah, “Images of Queen Melisende”, (Ed. Juliane Dresvina-Nicholas Sparsk), Authority of Gender in Medieval and Renaissance Chronicle, Chambridge Scholars Publishing, UK , 2012, ss. 140-155.
  • Lambert, Sarah, “Queen or Consort: Rulership and Politics in the Latin East: 1118-1228”, (Ed. Anne J. Duggan), Queens and Queenship in the Medieval Europe, The Boydell Press, London, 1995, ss. 153-172.
  • Levis, Kevin James, The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles, Taylor&Francis Group, New York, 2017.
  • Lukyanova, Anna, “Female Succession in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Twelf Century”, Oshkash Scholar, cilt: VIII, sayı: VII, Kasım 2013, ss. 56-72.
  • Mayer, Hans Eberhard, “Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, cilt: 12 sayı: 25, Şubat 1972, ss. 93-182.
  • Moosa, Matti, The Crusades: Confict Between Christendom and Islam, Gorgias Press, New Jersey, 2008.
  • Murray, Alan V., “Constance, Princess of Antioch (1130-1164): Ancestery, Marriages and Family”, Anglo-Norman Studies XXXVIII: Proceedings of Battle Conference, Boydel Press, Leiden, 2016, ss. 81-96.
  • Murray, Alan V., “Women in the Royal Succession of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291)”, Mächtige Fraunen?: Königinnen und Fürstinnen im Europäischen Mittelalter (11.-14. Jahrhundert), Jan Ttorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern, 2015, ss. 131-162.
  • Newsman, Sharan, Defending the City Of God, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2014.
  • Nicholson, Helen, “‘La Roine Preude Femme et Bonne Dame’: Queen Sibyl of Jerusalem (1186-1190) in History and Legend (1186-1300)”, (Ed. Morillo-Diane Kornglebel), The Hasking Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History, The Boydell Press, UK, 2004, ss. 110-124.
  • Nicolle, David, İkinci Haçlı Seferi:1148, (Çev. L. Ece Sakar), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
  • Pangonis, Katherine, Queens of Jerusalem: The Women Who Dared to Rule, Weidenfeld&Nicolson, London, 2021.
  • Payne, Robert, The Dream and the Tomb: A History of the Crusades, Cooper Square Press, New York, 2000.
  • Pernout, Regine, The Crusades, Ignatius Press, San Francisko, 1959.
  • Perry, Guy, John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem and Emperor of Constantinople c. 1175-1237, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2013.
  • Philips, Jonathan, Defenders of the Holy Land: Relations Between the Latin East and the West, 1119-1187, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996.
  • Roger de Hoveden, The Annals of Roger de Hoveden, cilt: II, (Çev.Henry T. Riley), H. G. Bohn, London, 1853.
  • Runciman, Steven, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, cilt: II-III., (Çev. Fikret Işıltan), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 2008.
  • Salmon, Elon, Beyond the Sea, Marwood Wiew, Chumuel, 2011.
  • Shabar, Shulamith, The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the Middle Ages, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, London, 1989.
  • Smith, Jonathan Riley, Feudal Nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem: 1174-1277, Palgrave MaCmillan, New York, 2002.
  • Stark, Rita, Knights of the Cross: The Epic of the Crusades, (Ed. Hary Kretz), iUniverse Press, USA, 2008.
  • The Chronicle of Michael the Great (The Edessa-Aleppo-Syriac Codex) Books XV-XXI from the Year 1050-1995 AD. (Çev. Amir Harrak), Gorgias Press, USA, 2019.
  • The Syriac Chronicle of Michael Rabo (The Great) A Universal History from the Creation, (Çev. Matti Moosa), Beth Antioch Press, USA, 2014.
  • Tranovich, Margaret, Melisende of Jerusalem: The World of a Fogotten Crusader Queen, East&West Publishing, London, 2011.
  • Usta, Aydın, “Haçlı Devletlerinde Kadın”, (Ed. Altan Çetin), Ortaçağ’da Kadın, Lotus Yayınları, Ankara, 2011, ss. 283-323.
  • Venning, Timothy, A Chronology of the Crusades, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, London, 2015.
  • William Archbishop of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond The Sea, (Çev. Emily Atwater Babcock-A. C. Krey), cilt: II, Columbia University Press, New York, 1943.

Use of Marriage for Political Reasons for Transfer of Authority and Hereditary Succession: The Case of Outremer (1099-1291)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 140 - 167, 26.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1242292

Öz

Marriage was vital to many Medieval societies, both Eastern and Western. Marriage, which plays a role in the continuation of lineage for ordinary people, is more common than that for aristocratic families. Political networks established through the institution of marriage can be considered the most practical way of making big gaints for states. It is a known fact that these acceptances are also valid for he Outremer society. The lack of male heirs experienced by the Outremer society in certain periods increased the importance of women in the dynasty and through the institution of marriage, the king-prince was provided by becoming a husband. Although the main source of power or inheritance in the Latin East was mostly noble women, the position of women was built on marriage due to the conditions of the period and noble women had to marry one after another in order to avoid a political crisis in the absence of male heirs. In this system, which was built on the hereditary heritage of women, although the political participation of women was limited, their personality, level of inner and outer peace directly affected the authority used. While the participation of women in the political sphere was higher in the early period of the kingdom, it was deemed necessary for women to marry quickly in the late period, and their use of political authority decreased. The aim of our study is to determine the functioning of the kingdom-principality system built on the hereditary legacy of Outremer political field. In this context, social evaluation of the Outremer society through the institution of women and marriage.

Kaynakça

  • Abdurrahmanoğlu Asiye, “Latin Doğu’da Kadın İktidarına ilk Teşebbüs: Antakya Prensesi Alice”, Orta Çağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, cilt: II, sayı:I, 2019, ss. 109-120.
  • Altınay, Ramazan-Habibe Ceren Dağdeviren, “Haçlı Devletleri Döneminde Kadın Algısı, Siyasi Evlilikler ve Devlet Yönetiminde Kadınların Rolü”, Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, cilt: 10, no: 3, Eylül 2021, ss. 95-109.
  • Archer, T. A., The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, G. P. Putnam’s Son, New York, 1895.
  • Asbridge, Thomas, “Alice of Antioch: A Case Study of Female Power in the Twelfth Century”, (Ed.Peter Edbury-Jonathan Phillips), The Experience of Crusading, cilt: II., Chambridge University Press, UK, 2003, ss. 29-47.
  • Basset, Hayley, “Regnant Queenship and Royal Marriage Between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Nobility of Western Europe”, (Ed. Elena Woodacre), A Companion to Global Queenship, ARC Humanities Press, UK, 2018, ss. 39-52.
  • Bradbury, Jim, The Routledge Companion To: Medieval Warfare, Routledge Taylor&Francis Gorup, New York, 2005.
  • Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, (Çev. M. L. De Mas Latrie), La Sociéete de l’Histoire de France, Paris, 1871.
  • Claster, Jill N., Sacred Violence: The Europen Crusades To the Middle East: 1095-1396, Universtıy of Toronto Press, Canada, 2009.
  • Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre Text, (Çev.Janet Shirley), Ashgate Publishing, USA, 1999.
  • Duby, George, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, The Unversity of Chicago Press, (Çev.Jane Dunnel), Chicago, 1994.
  • Edbury, Peter, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades: 1191-1374, Cambridge University Press, USA, 1991.
  • Eileen, Power, Medieval Women, (Ed. M. M. Postan), Chambridhe University Press, Chambridge 1975.
  • Falks, Avner, Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy, Karnac Books, London, 2010.
  • Folda, Joraslav, Crusader Art in the Holy Land: From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre (1187-1291), Cambridge University Press, USA, 2005.
  • Freidman, Yvonne, Encounter Between Enemies: Captivity and Ransom in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Brill Press, Leiden, 2002.
  • Gaudette, Helen A., “The Spendindg Power of a Crusader Queen: Melisende of Jerusalem”, (Ed. Theresa Earenfight), Women and Wealth in Late Medieval Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, UK, 2010, ss. 135-148.
  • Genç, Özlem, “Orta Çağ Avrupa’sında Kadın”, (Ed. Altan Çetin), Orta Çağ’da Kadın, Lotus Yayınları, Ankara, 2011, ss. 241- 296.
  • Gerish, Deborah, “Aimery of Lusignan”, (Ed. Alan V. Murray), The Crusades : An Encyclopedia , ABC-CLIO, Oxford England, 2006, ss. 24.
  • Goldsmith, Linda, “Maria of Jerusalem”, (Ed. Alan V. Murray), The Crusades : An Encyclopedia , ABC-CLIO, Oxford England, 2006, ss. 800-801.
  • Goldsmith, Linda, “Sibylle”, (Ed. Alan V. Murray), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, Oxford, 2006, ss. 1104.
  • Goldsmith, Linda, “Isabella II of Jerusalem”, (Ed. Alan V. Murray), The Crusades : An Encyclopedia , ABC-CLIO, Oxford, England 2006, ss. 423-424.
  • Goldsmith, Linda, “Isabella of Jerusalem”, (Ed. Alan V. Murray), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, Oxford, 2006, ss. 644.
  • Greilsammer, Myriam, Le Livre au Roi: Introduction, Notes et Edition Crituqué, l’Acédemie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1995.
  • Hamilton, Bernard, “Haçlı Devletlerinde Kadın: Kudüs Kraliçeleri (110-1190)”, (Çev. Asiye Abdurrahmanoğlu-Şafak Efe), The Legends Journal European History Studies, sayı: 2, yıl: 2021, ss. 141-165.
  • Hamilton, Bernard, “King Consort of Jerusalem and their Entourages from the West from 1186 to 1256”, (Ed. Eberhard Mayer), Die Kreuzfahrerstaaten als multikulturelle Gesellschaft, Oldenburg Wissenschaftsverlag, Germany, 1997, ss. 13-24.
  • Hamilton, Bernard, The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge Universty Press, UK, 2000.
  • Hillenbrand, Carole, The İmprisonment of the Reynald of Chatillon: Texts, Documents and Artefacts [Electronik Resource]: İslamic Studies in Honour of D. S. Richard, (Ed. Chase F. Robinson), Brill Publishing, Boston, 2003.
  • Honeycutt, Lois L., “Female Succession and the Language of Power in the Writing the Twelfth Century Churhmen”, (Ed. John Carmi Parsons), Medieval Queenship, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1993, ss. 189-202.
  • Hudgson, Natash, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in the Historicial Narrative, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2007.
  • Ioannes Kinnamos, Ioannes Kinnamos’un Historia’sı (1118-1176), (Çev. Işın Demirkent), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 2001.
  • Jackson, Guida M., Women Leaders of Africa, Asia, Middle East and Pasific, Xlibris Corporation, USA, 2009.
  • Jaspert, Nikolas, The Crusades, (Ed. Phyllis G. Jestica), Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, New York, 2006.
  • Jonathan Philips (Ed.), Holly Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades, The Random House Publishing Group, New York, 2010.
  • Jones, J. Sidney, The Crusades Biografhies, (Ed. Marcia Merryman Means-Neil Schlager ), Thomsan Gale, New York, 2004.
  • Jordan, Erin L., “Exploring the Limits of Female Largesse: The Power of Female Patrons in Thirteenth-Century Flanders and Hainaut”, (Ed. Theresa Earenfight), Women and Wealth in Late Medieval Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, UK, 2010, ss. 149-170.
  • Jordan, Erin L., “Hostage, Sister, Abbes: The Life of Iveta of Jerusalem”, Medieval Prosopography, cilt: 32, no: 1, 2017, ss. 66-86.
  • Jordan, Erin L., “Women of Antioch: Political Culture and Powerful Women in the Latin East”, (Ed. Heather J. Tanner), Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power: 1100-1400, Palgrave Macmillan, Switzeerland 2019, ss. 225-246.
  • Jotischky, Andrew, Crusading and The Crusading State, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, New York, 2004.
  • Kumhera, Glenn, The Benefits of Peace: Private Peacemaking in Late Medieval İtaly, Brill Press, Leiden, 2006.
  • Küçüksipahioğlu, Birsel, Trablus Haçlı Kontluğu, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul, 2006.
  • Lambert, Sarah, “Images of Queen Melisende”, (Ed. Juliane Dresvina-Nicholas Sparsk), Authority of Gender in Medieval and Renaissance Chronicle, Chambridge Scholars Publishing, UK , 2012, ss. 140-155.
  • Lambert, Sarah, “Queen or Consort: Rulership and Politics in the Latin East: 1118-1228”, (Ed. Anne J. Duggan), Queens and Queenship in the Medieval Europe, The Boydell Press, London, 1995, ss. 153-172.
  • Levis, Kevin James, The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles, Taylor&Francis Group, New York, 2017.
  • Lukyanova, Anna, “Female Succession in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Twelf Century”, Oshkash Scholar, cilt: VIII, sayı: VII, Kasım 2013, ss. 56-72.
  • Mayer, Hans Eberhard, “Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, cilt: 12 sayı: 25, Şubat 1972, ss. 93-182.
  • Moosa, Matti, The Crusades: Confict Between Christendom and Islam, Gorgias Press, New Jersey, 2008.
  • Murray, Alan V., “Constance, Princess of Antioch (1130-1164): Ancestery, Marriages and Family”, Anglo-Norman Studies XXXVIII: Proceedings of Battle Conference, Boydel Press, Leiden, 2016, ss. 81-96.
  • Murray, Alan V., “Women in the Royal Succession of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291)”, Mächtige Fraunen?: Königinnen und Fürstinnen im Europäischen Mittelalter (11.-14. Jahrhundert), Jan Ttorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern, 2015, ss. 131-162.
  • Newsman, Sharan, Defending the City Of God, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2014.
  • Nicholson, Helen, “‘La Roine Preude Femme et Bonne Dame’: Queen Sibyl of Jerusalem (1186-1190) in History and Legend (1186-1300)”, (Ed. Morillo-Diane Kornglebel), The Hasking Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History, The Boydell Press, UK, 2004, ss. 110-124.
  • Nicolle, David, İkinci Haçlı Seferi:1148, (Çev. L. Ece Sakar), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
  • Pangonis, Katherine, Queens of Jerusalem: The Women Who Dared to Rule, Weidenfeld&Nicolson, London, 2021.
  • Payne, Robert, The Dream and the Tomb: A History of the Crusades, Cooper Square Press, New York, 2000.
  • Pernout, Regine, The Crusades, Ignatius Press, San Francisko, 1959.
  • Perry, Guy, John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem and Emperor of Constantinople c. 1175-1237, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2013.
  • Philips, Jonathan, Defenders of the Holy Land: Relations Between the Latin East and the West, 1119-1187, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996.
  • Roger de Hoveden, The Annals of Roger de Hoveden, cilt: II, (Çev.Henry T. Riley), H. G. Bohn, London, 1853.
  • Runciman, Steven, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, cilt: II-III., (Çev. Fikret Işıltan), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 2008.
  • Salmon, Elon, Beyond the Sea, Marwood Wiew, Chumuel, 2011.
  • Shabar, Shulamith, The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the Middle Ages, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, London, 1989.
  • Smith, Jonathan Riley, Feudal Nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem: 1174-1277, Palgrave MaCmillan, New York, 2002.
  • Stark, Rita, Knights of the Cross: The Epic of the Crusades, (Ed. Hary Kretz), iUniverse Press, USA, 2008.
  • The Chronicle of Michael the Great (The Edessa-Aleppo-Syriac Codex) Books XV-XXI from the Year 1050-1995 AD. (Çev. Amir Harrak), Gorgias Press, USA, 2019.
  • The Syriac Chronicle of Michael Rabo (The Great) A Universal History from the Creation, (Çev. Matti Moosa), Beth Antioch Press, USA, 2014.
  • Tranovich, Margaret, Melisende of Jerusalem: The World of a Fogotten Crusader Queen, East&West Publishing, London, 2011.
  • Usta, Aydın, “Haçlı Devletlerinde Kadın”, (Ed. Altan Çetin), Ortaçağ’da Kadın, Lotus Yayınları, Ankara, 2011, ss. 283-323.
  • Venning, Timothy, A Chronology of the Crusades, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, London, 2015.
  • William Archbishop of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond The Sea, (Çev. Emily Atwater Babcock-A. C. Krey), cilt: II, Columbia University Press, New York, 1943.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ortaçağ Avrupa Tarihi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Asiye Abdurrahmanoğlu 0000-0002-1021-944X

Sayime Durmaz 0000-0003-0989-4189

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Abdurrahmanoğlu, A., & Durmaz, S. (2023). Otorite Aktarımı Adına Siyasi Gerekçelerle Evlilik Kurumunun Kullanılması ve Kalıtsal Ardıllık: Outremer Örneği (1099-1291). Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 140-167. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1242292
AMA Abdurrahmanoğlu A, Durmaz S. Otorite Aktarımı Adına Siyasi Gerekçelerle Evlilik Kurumunun Kullanılması ve Kalıtsal Ardıllık: Outremer Örneği (1099-1291). OAD. Haziran 2023;6(1):140-167. doi:10.48120/oad.1242292
Chicago Abdurrahmanoğlu, Asiye, ve Sayime Durmaz. “Otorite Aktarımı Adına Siyasi Gerekçelerle Evlilik Kurumunun Kullanılması Ve Kalıtsal Ardıllık: Outremer Örneği (1099-1291)”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 6, sy. 1 (Haziran 2023): 140-67. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1242292.
EndNote Abdurrahmanoğlu A, Durmaz S (01 Haziran 2023) Otorite Aktarımı Adına Siyasi Gerekçelerle Evlilik Kurumunun Kullanılması ve Kalıtsal Ardıllık: Outremer Örneği (1099-1291). Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 6 1 140–167.
IEEE A. Abdurrahmanoğlu ve S. Durmaz, “Otorite Aktarımı Adına Siyasi Gerekçelerle Evlilik Kurumunun Kullanılması ve Kalıtsal Ardıllık: Outremer Örneği (1099-1291)”, OAD, c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 140–167, 2023, doi: 10.48120/oad.1242292.
ISNAD Abdurrahmanoğlu, Asiye - Durmaz, Sayime. “Otorite Aktarımı Adına Siyasi Gerekçelerle Evlilik Kurumunun Kullanılması Ve Kalıtsal Ardıllık: Outremer Örneği (1099-1291)”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 6/1 (Haziran 2023), 140-167. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1242292.
JAMA Abdurrahmanoğlu A, Durmaz S. Otorite Aktarımı Adına Siyasi Gerekçelerle Evlilik Kurumunun Kullanılması ve Kalıtsal Ardıllık: Outremer Örneği (1099-1291). OAD. 2023;6:140–167.
MLA Abdurrahmanoğlu, Asiye ve Sayime Durmaz. “Otorite Aktarımı Adına Siyasi Gerekçelerle Evlilik Kurumunun Kullanılması Ve Kalıtsal Ardıllık: Outremer Örneği (1099-1291)”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 140-67, doi:10.48120/oad.1242292.
Vancouver Abdurrahmanoğlu A, Durmaz S. Otorite Aktarımı Adına Siyasi Gerekçelerle Evlilik Kurumunun Kullanılması ve Kalıtsal Ardıllık: Outremer Örneği (1099-1291). OAD. 2023;6(1):140-67.

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