Öz
August Wilson’ın Two Trains Running adlı eseri, siyahilerin Amerikan toplumundaki deneyimlerinin tarihsel bir kaydı olan Century Cycle adını verdiği serisinin yedinci oyunudur. Her toplumun yapısı ve dinamikleri farklı olduğu için, o topluma ait olan bireylerin yaşantıları da söz konusu faktörler aracılığıyla şekillenir. Toplumsal normlar, değerler ve güç örüntüleri arasındaki karmaşık ilişki, toplumdaki bireysel ve kolektif deneyimlerin şekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Bu noktada Amerikan toplumundaki siyahilerin deneyimleri oldukça çarpıcıdır çünkü sistematik ırkçılık aracılığıyla, kölelik ve ayrımcılığa maruz kalmışlardır. Ten renkleri sebebiyle toplumsal sınırların dışına itilen siyah halkı kontrol altında tutmak ve beyaz tahakkümün ekonomik ve siyasi gerekçelerle devamını sağlamak için, ırkçılık ideolojik açıdan stratejik bir araç olarak kullanılmıştır. Siyahi yazarlar edebi sahnede ezilen siyahi halkın sesini duyurmaya çalışmış ve tiyatroyu bir direnme aracı olarak görmüşlerdir. Siyahi yazarların uyandırdığı toplumsal farkındalıktan yola çıkan bu çalışma, Wilson’ın Two Trains Running oyununda siyahi halkın mücadelesini irdelemektedir. Wilson, siyahi halkın kendi kültürel değerlerine bağlılıkları ve Afrikalı-Amerikalı kimlikleriyle beyaz toplumun bireyleri olduğuna dikkat çeken ve ayrımcı olmayan bir yazardır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, siyah karakterlerin beyaz egemenliğinin eşitsiz, adaletsiz ve ayrımcı uygulamalarıyla baş etme yollarına odaklanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
August Wilson Two Trains Running Racism Inequality Resistance
Kaynakça
- Allen, T. W. (2012). The Invention of the White Race. Volume One: Racial Opression and Social Control. London: Verso.
- Banton, M. (1980). The Idiom of Race: A Critique of Presentism. Research in Race and Ethnic Relations, 2: 21-42.
- Baykara, T. (2018). Memory and Cultural Identity: Aunt Ester in August Wilson’s Century Cycle. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4 (13): 162-167.
- Bottoms, S. (2007). Two Trains Running: blood on the tracks. In C. Bigsby (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to August Wilson (pp. 145-157). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Coates, T-N. Foreword. In The Origins of Others by Toni Morrison (pp. vii-xvii). Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: Harvard University Press. Cornell, S., and Hartmann, D. (1998). Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press.
- Diangelo, R. (2018). White Fragility: Why It’s so Hard for White People to Talk about Racism? Boston: Beacon Press.
- Du Bois, W. E. B. (1926). Krigwa Little Theatre Movement. Crisis, 32:135-137.
- Dyer, R. (1988). White. Screen, 29 (4): 44-64.
- Elam, Jr, H. J. (2007). Gem of the Ocean and the Redemptive Power of History. In C. Bigsby (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to August Wilson (pp. 75-88). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Elam, Jr, H. J. (2001). The Device of Race: An Introduction. In H. J. Elam and D. Krasner (Eds.), African American Performance and Theater History. A Critical Reader, (pp. 3-16). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Fanon, F. (1967). Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press.
- Fanon, F. (1964). Toward the African Revolution. New York: Grove Press.
- Fishburne, L. (2007). Foreword. In Two Trains Running by August Wilson (pp. vii-ix) New York: Theatre Communication Group.
- Hatch, J. V. (2005). The Color of Art. Theatre Journal, 57 (4): 596-598.
- Gantt, P. (2009). Ghosts from “Down There”: The Southernness of August Wilson. In H. Bloom (Ed.), Bloom’s Modern Critical Views: August Wilson (pp. 5-20). New York: Info Base Publishing.
- Goldberg, D. T. (1993). Racist Culture. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Lahr, J. (2001). Been Here and Gone. The New Yorker, 16 (4): 50-65.
- Morrison, T. (2017). The Origins of Others. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: Harvard University Press.
- Morrison, T. (1983). Recitatif. Knop Books.
- Nadel, A. (2010). August Wilson: Completing the Twentieth-Century Cycle. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. Powers, K. (1984). An Interview with August Wilson. Theater, 16: 50-55.
- Snodgrass, M. E. (2004). August Wilson: A Literary Companion. Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland & Company Inc. Publishers.
- Wilson, A. (2007). Two Trains Running, New York: Theatre Communication Group.
- Wilson, A. (1997). The Ground on Which I Stand. Callaloo, 20 (3): 493-503.
Öz
August Wilson’s play, Two Trains Running is the seventh play of his Century Cycle which chronicles black people’s experiences in American society. Since the structure and dynamics of each society are distinctive, the experiences of individuals belonging to that society are naturally shaped by these factors. The complicated relationship between societal norms, values, and power structures play a pivotal role in shaping the individual and collective experiences in society. In that respect, the social practices of black people in American society are notably outstanding as they have been subjected to slavery and segregation through systematic racism. Ideologically, racism has been used as a strategic tool to control the black people, who were pushed out of social boundaries because of their skin color and to sustain the white dominance for economic and politic reasons. Significantly, black authors have tried to be the voice of the oppressed black people on the literary arena and considered the theater as a way of resistance. Based on the societal awareness aroused by black authors, this study analyzes the struggle of black people in Wilson’s Two Trains Running. Drawing attention to the significant fact that black people are the members of the white society with their loyalty to their own cultural values and their African-American identity, Wilson is an antiracist playwright. Relatedly, the central focus of this study is the ways of coping with the unequal, unfair and discriminative practices of the white supremacy.
Anahtar Kelimeler
August Wilson Two Trains Running racism inequality resistance
Kaynakça
- Allen, T. W. (2012). The Invention of the White Race. Volume One: Racial Opression and Social Control. London: Verso.
- Banton, M. (1980). The Idiom of Race: A Critique of Presentism. Research in Race and Ethnic Relations, 2: 21-42.
- Baykara, T. (2018). Memory and Cultural Identity: Aunt Ester in August Wilson’s Century Cycle. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4 (13): 162-167.
- Bottoms, S. (2007). Two Trains Running: blood on the tracks. In C. Bigsby (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to August Wilson (pp. 145-157). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Coates, T-N. Foreword. In The Origins of Others by Toni Morrison (pp. vii-xvii). Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: Harvard University Press. Cornell, S., and Hartmann, D. (1998). Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press.
- Diangelo, R. (2018). White Fragility: Why It’s so Hard for White People to Talk about Racism? Boston: Beacon Press.
- Du Bois, W. E. B. (1926). Krigwa Little Theatre Movement. Crisis, 32:135-137.
- Dyer, R. (1988). White. Screen, 29 (4): 44-64.
- Elam, Jr, H. J. (2007). Gem of the Ocean and the Redemptive Power of History. In C. Bigsby (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to August Wilson (pp. 75-88). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Elam, Jr, H. J. (2001). The Device of Race: An Introduction. In H. J. Elam and D. Krasner (Eds.), African American Performance and Theater History. A Critical Reader, (pp. 3-16). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Fanon, F. (1967). Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press.
- Fanon, F. (1964). Toward the African Revolution. New York: Grove Press.
- Fishburne, L. (2007). Foreword. In Two Trains Running by August Wilson (pp. vii-ix) New York: Theatre Communication Group.
- Hatch, J. V. (2005). The Color of Art. Theatre Journal, 57 (4): 596-598.
- Gantt, P. (2009). Ghosts from “Down There”: The Southernness of August Wilson. In H. Bloom (Ed.), Bloom’s Modern Critical Views: August Wilson (pp. 5-20). New York: Info Base Publishing.
- Goldberg, D. T. (1993). Racist Culture. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Lahr, J. (2001). Been Here and Gone. The New Yorker, 16 (4): 50-65.
- Morrison, T. (2017). The Origins of Others. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: Harvard University Press.
- Morrison, T. (1983). Recitatif. Knop Books.
- Nadel, A. (2010). August Wilson: Completing the Twentieth-Century Cycle. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. Powers, K. (1984). An Interview with August Wilson. Theater, 16: 50-55.
- Snodgrass, M. E. (2004). August Wilson: A Literary Companion. Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland & Company Inc. Publishers.
- Wilson, A. (2007). Two Trains Running, New York: Theatre Communication Group.
- Wilson, A. (1997). The Ground on Which I Stand. Callaloo, 20 (3): 493-503.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Edebi Teori |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 19 Nisan 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1 |
