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A Consequence of Environmental Injustice: Climate Refugeeism

Year 2025, Volume: 49 Issue: 2, 199 - 207, 17.07.2025

Mim Sertaç Tümtaş , Safiye Nur Sönmez

Abstract

The natural environment is one of the important points where the system of exploitation created by capitalist relations of production, distribution and consumption is reflected. As a result of the system's exploitation of nature, ecological crises increase and environmental injustices deepen. In other words, as a result of the unequal relations created by the capitalist system, some regions of the world and the societies living in these regions are more exposed to environmental impacts. This is because the gases and wastes generated during capitalist production and consumption threaten natural life with problems such as climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, water and air pollution, which adversely affects vulnerable societies, especially in underdeveloped regions. Millions of people are forced to migrate due to factors such as droughts, floods, extreme weather events and sea level rise. However, the definition in the 1951 Geneva Convention does not officially recognize people displaced for ecological reasons as refugees.
In this article, within the scope of critical sociology, it is argued that climate change is not only an environmental crisis, but also a phenomenon that deepens economic, political and social injustices. The article emphasizes that if climate refugeeism is recognized in the international legal framework, social crises on the globe will grow even more.

Keywords

Climate refugees environmental injustice climate change

References

  • BANZHAF, S., MA L.and TIMMINS C. (2019) “Environmental Justice: The Economics of Race, Place, and Pollution” The Journal of Economic Perspectives , Vol. 33, No. 1 (Winter 2019), pp. 185-208.
  • BOZKURT N., (2000) Denizi Kurutmak Dünden Bugüne Zorunlu Göç ve İskan Politikası, Belge Yayınları, İstanbul. DOBBINS,J. Richard H. Solomon, Michael S. Chase, Ryan Henry, F. Stephen Larrabee, Robert J. Lempert, Andrew M. Liepman, Jeffrey Martini, David Ochmanek and Howard J. Shatz (2015), Choices for America in a Turbulent World: Strategic Rethink, in Choices for America in a Turbulent World, Rand, USA, pp. 69-84
  • DOCHERTY, B. ve Giannini, T. (2009). Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal For a Convention on Climate Change Refugees. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 33, 349-403
  • FALSTROM D.Z. (2001). Stemming the flow of environmental displacement: creating a convention to protect persons and preserve the environment. 2001 Colo. J. Int’l Envtl. L. & Pol’y 1.
  • GRAY, C. (2009). Environment, Land, and Rural Out-migration in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes World Development, 37(2): 457-468.
  • IOM. (2017). Assessing the Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and Migration Nexus in South Asia. International Organization for Migration Bangladesh.
  • https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/activities/env_degradation/compe ndium_climate_change.pdf E.Tarihi:15.01.2025
  • IOM. (2009). Compendium of IOM's Activities in Migration, Climate Change and the Environment. 2024 tarihinde https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/activities/env_degradation/compe ndium_climate_change.pdf. E.Tarihi. 10.01.2025
  • IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp
  • IPCC (2022) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 3056 pp., doi:10.1017/9781009325844.
  • İklim Kanunu https://cdn.tbmm.gov.tr/KKBSPublicFile/D28/ Y3/T2/WebOnergeMetni/c0986a6f-d636-4c89-a92f-5db951eeeb09.pdf
  • Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (2024) 2025 Global Report on Internal Displacement (GRID) | IDMC - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre.
  • JASWAL P. S. and JOLLY S. (2013) “Climate Refugees: Challenges and Opportunities For International Law”, Journal of the Indian Law Institute , January-March 2013, Vol. 55, No. 1 (January-March 2013), pp. 45-58
  • JAYAWARDHAN S.(2017) “Vulnerability and Climate Change Induced Human Displacement” Consilience , 2017, No. 17 (2017), pp. 103-142.
  • KOLMANNSKOG V. (2012) “Climate Change, Environmental Displacement and International Law,” Journal of International Development 24 (2012): pp.1071-1081.
  • LEIST, A. (2011). Daha İyi Bir Sürdürülebilirlik İçin Çevresel Adalet, Çeviren. S. Kılıç, Küresel Bakış, sayı: 1 (1), ss.1-12. MILLER, D. S. (2017). Climate refugees and the human cost of global climate change, Environmental Justice, 10 (4), 89-92
  • MOHAI P. (2018)”Envıronmental Justıce and The Flınt Water Crısıs”, Michigan Sociological Review , Vol. 32 (Fall 2018), pp. 1-41.
  • PETERSEN, W. (1958) “ A General Typology of Migration” American Sociological Review, Volume 23, Number: 3, New York, 1958,
  • SAFİ, S. (2020) “IOANE TEITIOTA KIRIBATI / Yeni Zelanda Davası ve BM İnsan Hakları Komitesi’nin İklim Mültecileri İle İlgili Tarihi Kararı”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 22, sy. 2 (Kasım 2020): 509-40. https://doi.org/10.33717/deuhfd. 800899.
  • SKILLINGTON, T.(2015) “Climate justice without freedom: Assessing legal and political responses to climate change and forced migration.” European Journal of Social Theory 18, pp. 288-307.
  • ŞENGÜL M. (2006) “Türkiye’de Kamu Yönetiminde Neoliberal Dönüşümün Çevresel Sonuçları” Memleket Siyaset Yönetim, Cilt:3, Sayı:6, s.67-86.
  • The International Disaster Database (2025) EM-DAT Documentation.
  • TOSKA S. (2024) “Çevresel Adalet Kurmacası” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Haziran/June 2024 – 41(1), 1-16.
  • TUĞAÇ, Ç. (2022). “İklim Değişikliği Krizi ve Şehirler”, Çevre, Şehir ve İklim Dergisi. Yıl: 1. Sayı: 1. ss. 38-60.
  • TÜMTAŞ, M. S. (2020). Nöbetleşe Dışlanma. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • TÜRKEŞ M. (2022)” Hükümetlerarası İklim Değişikliği Paneli’nin (IPCC) Yeni Yayımlanan İklim Değişikliğinin Etkileri, Uyum ve Etkilenebilirlik Raporu Bize Neler Söylüyor?” Dirençlilik Dergisi, 6(1), 2022, (197-207).
  • Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi htps://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/ tutanaklar/TUTANAK/KM__/d00/c002/km__00002024ss0053.pdf E.Tarihi 22.10.2024.
  • UN DESA (2022). World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. United Nations publication. Sales No. E.22.XIII.3. New York.
  • WORLD BANK Groundswell Report (2021) Clement, Viviane, Kanta Kumari Rigaud, Alex de Sherbinin, Bryan Jones, Susana Adamo, Jacob Schewe, Nian Sadiq, and Elham Shabahat. 2021. Groundswell Part 2: Acting on Internal Climate Migration. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

ÇEVRESEL ADALETSİZLİĞİN BİR SONUCU: İKLİM MÜLTECİLİĞİ

Year 2025, Volume: 49 Issue: 2, 199 - 207, 17.07.2025

Mim Sertaç Tümtaş , Safiye Nur Sönmez

Abstract

Kapitalist üretim, bölüşüm ve tüketim ilişkilerinin yarattığı sömürü sisteminin yansımasının görüldüğü önemli noktalardan biri de doğal çevredir. Sistemin doğayı sömürmesi sonucunda ekolojik krizler artmakta ve çevresel adaletsizlikler derinleşmektedir. Yani kapitalist sistemin yarattığı eşitsiz ilişkiler sonucu dünya coğrafyası üzerindeki bazı bölgeler ve bu bölgelerde yaşayan toplumlar çevresel etkilere daha fazla maruz kalmaktadırlar. Zira kapitalist üretim ve tüketim aşamasında oluşan gaz ve atıklar iklim değişikliği, sera gazı emisyonları, su ve hava kirliliği gibi sorunlarla doğal yaşamı tehdit etmekte, bu da özellikle geri kalmış bölgelerdeki kırılgan toplumları olumsuz etkilemektedir. Kuraklık, sel, aşırı hava olayları ve deniz seviyesinin yükselmesi gibi faktörlerden dolayı milyonlarca insanı göç etmek zorunda kalmaktadır. Buna karşın, 1951 Cenevre Sözleşmesindeki tanımlama, ekolojik nedenlerle yerinden edilen insanları resmi olarak mülteci statüsünde kabul etmemektedir.
Bu makalede, eleştirel sosyoloji kapsamında, iklim değişikliğinin sadece çevresel bir kriz değil, aynı zamanda ekonomik, politik ve toplumsal adaletsizlikleri derinleştiren bir olgu olduğu tartışılmaktadır. Makale kapsamında iklim mülteciliğinin uluslararası hukuki çerçevede tanınması durumunda yerküre üzerinde toplumsal krizlerin daha da büyüyeceği vurgulanmaktadır.

Keywords

İklim mülteciliği çevresel adaletsizlik İklim değişikliği

References

  • BANZHAF, S., MA L.and TIMMINS C. (2019) “Environmental Justice: The Economics of Race, Place, and Pollution” The Journal of Economic Perspectives , Vol. 33, No. 1 (Winter 2019), pp. 185-208.
  • BOZKURT N., (2000) Denizi Kurutmak Dünden Bugüne Zorunlu Göç ve İskan Politikası, Belge Yayınları, İstanbul. DOBBINS,J. Richard H. Solomon, Michael S. Chase, Ryan Henry, F. Stephen Larrabee, Robert J. Lempert, Andrew M. Liepman, Jeffrey Martini, David Ochmanek and Howard J. Shatz (2015), Choices for America in a Turbulent World: Strategic Rethink, in Choices for America in a Turbulent World, Rand, USA, pp. 69-84
  • DOCHERTY, B. ve Giannini, T. (2009). Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal For a Convention on Climate Change Refugees. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 33, 349-403
  • FALSTROM D.Z. (2001). Stemming the flow of environmental displacement: creating a convention to protect persons and preserve the environment. 2001 Colo. J. Int’l Envtl. L. & Pol’y 1.
  • GRAY, C. (2009). Environment, Land, and Rural Out-migration in the Southern Ecuadorian Andes World Development, 37(2): 457-468.
  • IOM. (2017). Assessing the Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and Migration Nexus in South Asia. International Organization for Migration Bangladesh.
  • https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/activities/env_degradation/compe ndium_climate_change.pdf E.Tarihi:15.01.2025
  • IOM. (2009). Compendium of IOM's Activities in Migration, Climate Change and the Environment. 2024 tarihinde https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/activities/env_degradation/compe ndium_climate_change.pdf. E.Tarihi. 10.01.2025
  • IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp
  • IPCC (2022) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 3056 pp., doi:10.1017/9781009325844.
  • İklim Kanunu https://cdn.tbmm.gov.tr/KKBSPublicFile/D28/ Y3/T2/WebOnergeMetni/c0986a6f-d636-4c89-a92f-5db951eeeb09.pdf
  • Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (2024) 2025 Global Report on Internal Displacement (GRID) | IDMC - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre.
  • JASWAL P. S. and JOLLY S. (2013) “Climate Refugees: Challenges and Opportunities For International Law”, Journal of the Indian Law Institute , January-March 2013, Vol. 55, No. 1 (January-March 2013), pp. 45-58
  • JAYAWARDHAN S.(2017) “Vulnerability and Climate Change Induced Human Displacement” Consilience , 2017, No. 17 (2017), pp. 103-142.
  • KOLMANNSKOG V. (2012) “Climate Change, Environmental Displacement and International Law,” Journal of International Development 24 (2012): pp.1071-1081.
  • LEIST, A. (2011). Daha İyi Bir Sürdürülebilirlik İçin Çevresel Adalet, Çeviren. S. Kılıç, Küresel Bakış, sayı: 1 (1), ss.1-12. MILLER, D. S. (2017). Climate refugees and the human cost of global climate change, Environmental Justice, 10 (4), 89-92
  • MOHAI P. (2018)”Envıronmental Justıce and The Flınt Water Crısıs”, Michigan Sociological Review , Vol. 32 (Fall 2018), pp. 1-41.
  • PETERSEN, W. (1958) “ A General Typology of Migration” American Sociological Review, Volume 23, Number: 3, New York, 1958,
  • SAFİ, S. (2020) “IOANE TEITIOTA KIRIBATI / Yeni Zelanda Davası ve BM İnsan Hakları Komitesi’nin İklim Mültecileri İle İlgili Tarihi Kararı”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 22, sy. 2 (Kasım 2020): 509-40. https://doi.org/10.33717/deuhfd. 800899.
  • SKILLINGTON, T.(2015) “Climate justice without freedom: Assessing legal and political responses to climate change and forced migration.” European Journal of Social Theory 18, pp. 288-307.
  • ŞENGÜL M. (2006) “Türkiye’de Kamu Yönetiminde Neoliberal Dönüşümün Çevresel Sonuçları” Memleket Siyaset Yönetim, Cilt:3, Sayı:6, s.67-86.
  • The International Disaster Database (2025) EM-DAT Documentation.
  • TOSKA S. (2024) “Çevresel Adalet Kurmacası” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Haziran/June 2024 – 41(1), 1-16.
  • TUĞAÇ, Ç. (2022). “İklim Değişikliği Krizi ve Şehirler”, Çevre, Şehir ve İklim Dergisi. Yıl: 1. Sayı: 1. ss. 38-60.
  • TÜMTAŞ, M. S. (2020). Nöbetleşe Dışlanma. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • TÜRKEŞ M. (2022)” Hükümetlerarası İklim Değişikliği Paneli’nin (IPCC) Yeni Yayımlanan İklim Değişikliğinin Etkileri, Uyum ve Etkilenebilirlik Raporu Bize Neler Söylüyor?” Dirençlilik Dergisi, 6(1), 2022, (197-207).
  • Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi htps://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/ tutanaklar/TUTANAK/KM__/d00/c002/km__00002024ss0053.pdf E.Tarihi 22.10.2024.
  • UN DESA (2022). World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. United Nations publication. Sales No. E.22.XIII.3. New York.
  • WORLD BANK Groundswell Report (2021) Clement, Viviane, Kanta Kumari Rigaud, Alex de Sherbinin, Bryan Jones, Susana Adamo, Jacob Schewe, Nian Sadiq, and Elham Shabahat. 2021. Groundswell Part 2: Acting on Internal Climate Migration. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Environmental Sociology, Migration Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mim Sertaç Tümtaş 0000-0002-6365-8876

Safiye Nur Sönmez 0009-0002-8532-4831

Publication Date July 17, 2025
Submission Date March 24, 2025
Acceptance Date June 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 49 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tümtaş, M. S., & Sönmez, S. N. (2025). ÇEVRESEL ADALETSİZLİĞİN BİR SONUCU: İKLİM MÜLTECİLİĞİ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 49(2), 199-207.
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