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A Review on Parenting in The Mediterranean Countries

Year 2009, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 242 - 247, 08.03.2010

Birsen Palut

Abstract

The countries in the Mediterranean region are characterized by a great deal of ethnic, religious, cultural and historical diversity. However, some prevalent commonalities make up a homogeneous background which is projected unto the parental beliefs and child-rearing practices in the countries in this region. In this study it was aimed to question whether the characteristics shown by various research studies related parenting indicate typical of the Mediterranean culture. In the first part of the article a general review on parenting based on different theoretical approaches and paradigms was conducted. In the second part of the article the specific research on mother-child interaction in Mediterranean countries, such as Turkey, Y Italy, Spain, and Egypt were examined. Characteristics shown by the research studies on parenting that are examined in this study indicate typical of the Mediterranean culture. Traditional family structure where obedience, dependence, loyalty and empathy to others are important factors promoting interdependency among family members in Mediterranean countries regarded in this study. Material interdependence is also reflected in social values and in the aspirations of the parents for their children in this culture. These family pattern, parenting attitudes and behaviors and the expected values and personality characteristics from children fluctuate according to children’ gender and families’ socio-economic levels.

Keywords

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References

  • Abd Elkader, M. (1986) Parenting approaches toward child socialization, Majallat Al Tarbeyah: Education Faculty in Al Azhar University, 6, 1–31.
  • Barakat, H. (1993) The Arab world: Society, culture, and state, University of California Press, Los Angeles.
  • Baumrind, D. (1967). Child -care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88.
  • Belsky, J. (1984) The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83-96.
  • Bonino S., Cattelino, E., & Ciairano, S. (2005). Adolescents and risk behaviors, functions and protective factors. New York: Springer Verlag.
  • Brink, J. H. (1990) The effect of education and employment in rural Egyptian women. Phd Dissertation, Univ. of Pittsburg, Cambridge, Mass. Univ. Microfilms.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723-742.
  • Brazelton, B. (1989) Working Parents Newsweek, pp.66-77.
  • Claes, M. (1998). Adolescents' closeness with parents, siblings, and friends in three countries: Canada, Belgium, and Italy. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27, 165-185.
  • Claes, M., Lacourse, E., Bouchard, C., & Perucchini, P. (2003). Parental practices in late adolescence, a comparison of three countries: Canada, France and Italy. Journal Adolescence, 26(4), 387-399.
  • Çakır, S.G. & Aydın, G. (2005). Parental attitudes and ego identity status of Turkish adolescent. Adolescent, 40 (60), 847-859.
  • Dwairy, M. (2004). Individuation among Bedouin versus urban Arab adolescents: National, ethnic and gender differences. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10 (4), 340–350.
  • Dwairy, M., & Menshar, K.E. (2006). Parenting style, individuation, and mental health of Egyptian adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 29 (1), 103-117.
  • Garcia, F., Gracia, E. (2009) Is always authoritative the optimum parenting style? Evidence from Spanish families. Adolescence, 44 (173), 101-131.
  • Goddini, R. & Goddini, E. (1970). Transitional objects and the process of individuation. Journal of American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 9, 347-365.
  • Goodnow, J.J. (1988) Parents ideas, actions and feelings: Models and methods from developmental and social psychology. Child Development, 59, 286-320.
  • Gouveia, V. V., Clemente, M., & Espinosa, P. (2003). The horizontal and vertical attributes of individualism and collectivism in a Spanish population. Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 43-63.
  • Gulerce, A. (1996). Turkiye'de ailelerin psikolojik oruntuleri [Psychological aspects of families in Turkey.] Istanbul: Bogazici University Press.
  • Harkness, S., Super, C. M., & van Tijen, N. (2000). Individualism and the "Western mind" reconsidered: American and Dutch parents' ethno theories of the child. In S. Harkness, C. Raeff, & C. M. Super (Eds.), New directions in child development: Vol. 87. The social construction of the child: Understanding variability within and across contexts. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
  • Harness,S., & Super, C.M. (2002). Culture and parenting. In M.H.Bornstein (Ed.) Handbook of parenting: biology and ecology of parenting. Mahwach.N.J. Erlbaum.
  • Holden, W.G. (1997). Parents and the dynamics of child rearing. Harper Collins: West View Press.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. & Sunar, D. (1992). Family and socialization in Turkey. In J. L.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1975). Some psychological dimensions of modernity A Social Psychological Study of Izmir Lise Youth). In B. Guvenc (Ed.) Social change in Izmir. The Social Science Association of Turkey.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1980) Value of the child: Values and fertility in Turkey. Istanbul: Bogaziçi Univ.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1990) Family and socialization in cross-cultural perspective: A model of change. In J. Bermen (Ed.), Cross-cultural perspective: Nebraska symposium on motivation, (pp.135-200). Lincoln, NE: Nebraska University Press.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (2000). Kultürel psikoloji-kültür baglaminda insan ve aile [Female and human development across cultures]. Istanbul: Evrim Yayinevi.
  • LeCompte, G.& Ozer, S. (1978) Üç sosyo ekonomik düzeyde Ankara' lı annelerin cocuk yetistirme tutumları: Bir ölcek uygulamasi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 1, 5-8.
  • LeVine, R. A. (1977). Child rearing as cultural adaptation. In P. H. Leiderman; S. R.
  • LeVine, R. A. (1988). Human parental care: universal goals, cultural strategies, individual behavior. In R. A. LeVine; P. M. Miller & M. M. West (Ed.), Parental behavior in diverse societies. San Francisco: Jossey – Bass Inc.
  • Majallat Al Tarbeyah: Education Faculty in Al Azhar University, 102, 232-265.
  • Martinez, I., & Garcia, J. F. (2007). Impact of parenting styles on adolescents' self-esteem and initialization of values in Spain. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10, 338-348.
  • Masten, A., & Coastsworth, J. D. (1998) The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220.
  • Miller, S. A. (1988) Parents' beliefs about children's cognitive development. Child Development, 59, 259-285.
  • Mocan-Aydin, G. (2000). Western models of counseling and psychotherapy within Turkey: Crossing cultural boundaries. Counseling Psychologist, 28, 281-299.
  • New, R.S. (1988). Parental goals and Italian case. In R. A. Le.Vine, P.M. Miller & M.M. West (Ed.), Parental behavior in diverse societies: New directions in child development. San Francisco.
  • New, R.S.& Richman, A.L.(1996). Maternal beliefs and infant care practices in Italy and the US. In S. Harkness & C.M. Super (Eds.), Parents' cultural belief systems. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Okman-Fisek, G. (1982). Psychopathology and the Turkish Family: A family systems theory analysis. In Kagitçibaşi (Ed.), Sex roles, family, & community in Turkey (pp. 295-321). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Turkish Studies.
  • Palacios, J., Gonzelas, & Moreno (1992) Family and parent-child relations in Spain. In J. L. Roopnarine & D. B. Carter (Ed.) Parent- child socialization in diverse cultures. New Jersey: Ablex Publisher Corp.
  • R. Tulkin & A. Rosenfeld (Ed.), Culture and infancy. Variations in the human experience. New York: Academic Press.
  • Roopnarine, (Ed.), Families in global perspective (169-183). Allyn & Bacon/Pearson.
  • Roopnarine & D. B.Carten (Ed.), Parent - child socialization in diverse cultures, (pp.75-88). New Jersey: Ablex Pub. Corp.
  • Rosenthal, M., & Roer-Strier, D. (2001). Cultural differences in mothers' developmental goals and ethno theories. International Journal of Psychology, 36(1), 20-31.
  • Rudy, D., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Authoritarian parenting in individualist and collectivist groups: Associations with maternal emotion and cognition and children's self-esteem. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 68-78.
  • Saif El Deen, A. (2001). Abuse and neglect of children. Abstract of the conference on child abuse, Bahrain, October 20-22.
  • Shabib, M. (2001). Some parental interaction styles as perceived by the children,
  • Sunar, D., & Fisek, G. (2005). Contemporary Turkish families. U. Gielen & J.
  • Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69, 907-924.
  • Tulkin & A. Rosenfeld (Ed.), Culture and infancy. Variations in the human experience. New York: Academic Press.
  • Waterman, A. S. (1982). Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and review of research. Developmental Psychology, 18(3), 341–358.
  • Whiting, J. W. M. (1977) A model for psycho cultural research. In P. H. Leiderman; S.
  • Whiting, J. W. M., & Edwards, C. P. (1988). Children of different worlds: The formation of social behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Wolf, W.A.(1996). Parental theories in the management of young children's sleep in Japan, Italy and the USA. In S. Harkness & C.M. Super (Eds.) Parents' cultural belief systems. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Yağmurlu, B., Çıtlak, B., Dost, A. & Leyendecker, B.(2009).Türk annelerinin çocuk sosyalleştirme hedeflerinde eğitime bağlı olarak gözlemlenen farklılıklar. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24 (63), 1-15.
  • Kabul Tarihi: 17 Aralık 2009

Year 2009, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 242 - 247, 08.03.2010

Birsen Palut

Abstract

Akdeniz Ülkelerinde Çocuk Yetiştirme Üzerine İnceleme Akdeniz bölgesinde yer alan ülkelerde uzun yıllar boyunca farklı etnik kökenlere, dini inançlara, değişik kültürel yapı ve örüntülere sahip birey ve gruplar yer almıştır. Fakat bahsedilen bölgede yer alan ülkeler arasında coğrafi, fiziki, sosyal ve kültürel benzerliklerin varlığı göz ardı edilemeyecek kadar fazladır. Tüm bu benzerlikler Akdeniz bölgesinde yer alan ülkelerde yaşayan ailelerin çocuk yetiştirme tutumlarına, ebeveyn inançlarına, çocuklardan beklentilerine dolayısıyla da anne-çocuk ilişki yapı ve örüntülerine yansımaktadır. Akdeniz ülkelerinde gözlemlenen kültürel benzerliklerin anne-çocuk ilişkilerinin yapısına ve işleyişine etkileri kaçınılmaz olacaktır. Bu çalışmada adı geçen bölgedeki ülkelerin coğrafi ve kültürel benzerliklerinin ve örtüşen aile yapısı ve dinamiklerinin çocuk yetiştirmeye ilişkin tutum ve davranışlara yansımaları incelenmiş ve bu bağlamda ortak bir örüntüden bahsedilip bahsedilemeyeceği sorgulanmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde genel olarak çocuk yetiştirmeyi ele alan çalışmalarda benimsenen teorik yaklaşımlar ve paradigmalar özetlenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde Akdeniz bölgesinde yer alan Türkiye, İtalya, İspanya, Mısır ülkelerinde belirtilen konuda gerçekleştirilmiş bazı çalışmalar taranmış ve çocuk yetiştirme bağlamında benzer ve farklı örüntüler olup olmadığı sorgulanmıştır. Yapılan incelemelerde Akdeniz bölgesinde bulunan bu çalışmaya dahil edilen ülkelerde geleneksel aile yapısı içinde itaat, çocuk yetiştirme sürecinde bağlılık, sadakat ve empati değerlerinin gelişiminin aile bireyleri arasında karşılıklı bağlılığı oluşturan temel örüntüler olarak ön palan çıktığı belirlenmiştir. Belirtilen aile yapısı, ebeveyn tutum ve davranışları ile çocuklardan sahip olunması beklenen değer ve kişilik özelliklerinin çocukların cinsiyetleri ve ailelerin sosyal ekonomik yapılarına göre değişimler göstermekte oldukları görülmektedir

Keywords

çocuk yetiştirme akdeniz bölgesi ebeveyn inançları

References

  • Abd Elkader, M. (1986) Parenting approaches toward child socialization, Majallat Al Tarbeyah: Education Faculty in Al Azhar University, 6, 1–31.
  • Barakat, H. (1993) The Arab world: Society, culture, and state, University of California Press, Los Angeles.
  • Baumrind, D. (1967). Child -care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88.
  • Belsky, J. (1984) The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83-96.
  • Bonino S., Cattelino, E., & Ciairano, S. (2005). Adolescents and risk behaviors, functions and protective factors. New York: Springer Verlag.
  • Brink, J. H. (1990) The effect of education and employment in rural Egyptian women. Phd Dissertation, Univ. of Pittsburg, Cambridge, Mass. Univ. Microfilms.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723-742.
  • Brazelton, B. (1989) Working Parents Newsweek, pp.66-77.
  • Claes, M. (1998). Adolescents' closeness with parents, siblings, and friends in three countries: Canada, Belgium, and Italy. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27, 165-185.
  • Claes, M., Lacourse, E., Bouchard, C., & Perucchini, P. (2003). Parental practices in late adolescence, a comparison of three countries: Canada, France and Italy. Journal Adolescence, 26(4), 387-399.
  • Çakır, S.G. & Aydın, G. (2005). Parental attitudes and ego identity status of Turkish adolescent. Adolescent, 40 (60), 847-859.
  • Dwairy, M. (2004). Individuation among Bedouin versus urban Arab adolescents: National, ethnic and gender differences. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10 (4), 340–350.
  • Dwairy, M., & Menshar, K.E. (2006). Parenting style, individuation, and mental health of Egyptian adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 29 (1), 103-117.
  • Garcia, F., Gracia, E. (2009) Is always authoritative the optimum parenting style? Evidence from Spanish families. Adolescence, 44 (173), 101-131.
  • Goddini, R. & Goddini, E. (1970). Transitional objects and the process of individuation. Journal of American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 9, 347-365.
  • Goodnow, J.J. (1988) Parents ideas, actions and feelings: Models and methods from developmental and social psychology. Child Development, 59, 286-320.
  • Gouveia, V. V., Clemente, M., & Espinosa, P. (2003). The horizontal and vertical attributes of individualism and collectivism in a Spanish population. Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 43-63.
  • Gulerce, A. (1996). Turkiye'de ailelerin psikolojik oruntuleri [Psychological aspects of families in Turkey.] Istanbul: Bogazici University Press.
  • Harkness, S., Super, C. M., & van Tijen, N. (2000). Individualism and the "Western mind" reconsidered: American and Dutch parents' ethno theories of the child. In S. Harkness, C. Raeff, & C. M. Super (Eds.), New directions in child development: Vol. 87. The social construction of the child: Understanding variability within and across contexts. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
  • Harness,S., & Super, C.M. (2002). Culture and parenting. In M.H.Bornstein (Ed.) Handbook of parenting: biology and ecology of parenting. Mahwach.N.J. Erlbaum.
  • Holden, W.G. (1997). Parents and the dynamics of child rearing. Harper Collins: West View Press.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. & Sunar, D. (1992). Family and socialization in Turkey. In J. L.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1975). Some psychological dimensions of modernity A Social Psychological Study of Izmir Lise Youth). In B. Guvenc (Ed.) Social change in Izmir. The Social Science Association of Turkey.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1980) Value of the child: Values and fertility in Turkey. Istanbul: Bogaziçi Univ.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (1990) Family and socialization in cross-cultural perspective: A model of change. In J. Bermen (Ed.), Cross-cultural perspective: Nebraska symposium on motivation, (pp.135-200). Lincoln, NE: Nebraska University Press.
  • Kagitcibasi, C. (2000). Kultürel psikoloji-kültür baglaminda insan ve aile [Female and human development across cultures]. Istanbul: Evrim Yayinevi.
  • LeCompte, G.& Ozer, S. (1978) Üç sosyo ekonomik düzeyde Ankara' lı annelerin cocuk yetistirme tutumları: Bir ölcek uygulamasi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 1, 5-8.
  • LeVine, R. A. (1977). Child rearing as cultural adaptation. In P. H. Leiderman; S. R.
  • LeVine, R. A. (1988). Human parental care: universal goals, cultural strategies, individual behavior. In R. A. LeVine; P. M. Miller & M. M. West (Ed.), Parental behavior in diverse societies. San Francisco: Jossey – Bass Inc.
  • Majallat Al Tarbeyah: Education Faculty in Al Azhar University, 102, 232-265.
  • Martinez, I., & Garcia, J. F. (2007). Impact of parenting styles on adolescents' self-esteem and initialization of values in Spain. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10, 338-348.
  • Masten, A., & Coastsworth, J. D. (1998) The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220.
  • Miller, S. A. (1988) Parents' beliefs about children's cognitive development. Child Development, 59, 259-285.
  • Mocan-Aydin, G. (2000). Western models of counseling and psychotherapy within Turkey: Crossing cultural boundaries. Counseling Psychologist, 28, 281-299.
  • New, R.S. (1988). Parental goals and Italian case. In R. A. Le.Vine, P.M. Miller & M.M. West (Ed.), Parental behavior in diverse societies: New directions in child development. San Francisco.
  • New, R.S.& Richman, A.L.(1996). Maternal beliefs and infant care practices in Italy and the US. In S. Harkness & C.M. Super (Eds.), Parents' cultural belief systems. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Okman-Fisek, G. (1982). Psychopathology and the Turkish Family: A family systems theory analysis. In Kagitçibaşi (Ed.), Sex roles, family, & community in Turkey (pp. 295-321). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Turkish Studies.
  • Palacios, J., Gonzelas, & Moreno (1992) Family and parent-child relations in Spain. In J. L. Roopnarine & D. B. Carter (Ed.) Parent- child socialization in diverse cultures. New Jersey: Ablex Publisher Corp.
  • R. Tulkin & A. Rosenfeld (Ed.), Culture and infancy. Variations in the human experience. New York: Academic Press.
  • Roopnarine, (Ed.), Families in global perspective (169-183). Allyn & Bacon/Pearson.
  • Roopnarine & D. B.Carten (Ed.), Parent - child socialization in diverse cultures, (pp.75-88). New Jersey: Ablex Pub. Corp.
  • Rosenthal, M., & Roer-Strier, D. (2001). Cultural differences in mothers' developmental goals and ethno theories. International Journal of Psychology, 36(1), 20-31.
  • Rudy, D., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Authoritarian parenting in individualist and collectivist groups: Associations with maternal emotion and cognition and children's self-esteem. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 68-78.
  • Saif El Deen, A. (2001). Abuse and neglect of children. Abstract of the conference on child abuse, Bahrain, October 20-22.
  • Shabib, M. (2001). Some parental interaction styles as perceived by the children,
  • Sunar, D., & Fisek, G. (2005). Contemporary Turkish families. U. Gielen & J.
  • Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69, 907-924.
  • Tulkin & A. Rosenfeld (Ed.), Culture and infancy. Variations in the human experience. New York: Academic Press.
  • Waterman, A. S. (1982). Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and review of research. Developmental Psychology, 18(3), 341–358.
  • Whiting, J. W. M. (1977) A model for psycho cultural research. In P. H. Leiderman; S.
  • Whiting, J. W. M., & Edwards, C. P. (1988). Children of different worlds: The formation of social behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Wolf, W.A.(1996). Parental theories in the management of young children's sleep in Japan, Italy and the USA. In S. Harkness & C.M. Super (Eds.) Parents' cultural belief systems. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Yağmurlu, B., Çıtlak, B., Dost, A. & Leyendecker, B.(2009).Türk annelerinin çocuk sosyalleştirme hedeflerinde eğitime bağlı olarak gözlemlenen farklılıklar. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24 (63), 1-15.
  • Kabul Tarihi: 17 Aralık 2009
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Birsen Palut

Publication Date March 8, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2009Volume: 33 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Palut, B. (2010). A Review on Parenting in The Mediterranean Countries. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 33(2), 242-247.
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