Review
BibTex RIS Cite

A Critical Outlook on Intelligence Measurement in Old Age

Year 2020, Volume: 44 Issue: 1, 165 - 174, 19.06.2020

Bahtım Kütük

Abstract

Important changes occur
in the human being defined as biopsychosocial in its most general definition
during the aging process. In parallel with biopsychosocial change, one of the
subjects that has undergone a significant change in the old age is the subject
of intelligence.  However, the question
of "what is intelligence" is still sought and there is no consensus
on the definition of this concept by scientists. There is also debate about
what intelligence tests actually measure. In addition to the concept of
intelligence in general, when this concept is used together with old age, the
situation becomes more complicated. However, it can be said that negative
stereotypes against the elderly also have negative effects on the subject of
intelligence in old age. The focus of this article is on how objectively
measured the intelligence scores obtained from the elderly in numerical terms
by the existing tests and methods and how reliable they are to the scores
obtained. It should be noted that no matter how quantitative data are obtained,
these data should not be evaluated independently of the context.

Keywords

elderliness intelligence intelligence measurement in old age

References

  • Almond, N. M. (2014). The Use-It-Or-Lose-It Theory; The Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis and the Use-Dependency Theory: Methodological Issues, Previous Research, Current Research and Future Perspectives. K, Edison.(Ed). Episodic Memory: Formation, Clinical Disorders and Role of Aging. Nova Science Publishers, Inc: New York.
  • Bavelier, D., Levi, D. M., Li, R. W., Dan, Y., ve Hensch, T. K. (2010). Removing brakes on adult brain plasticity: from molecular to behavioral interventions. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(45), 14964-14971.
  • Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., ... & Unverzagt, F. W. (2002). Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 288(18), 2271-2281.
  • Cangöz, B. (2009).Yaşlılıkta bilişsel ve psikolojik değişim. Geriatrik Bilimler Uygulam ve Araştırma Merkezi Bülteni. 99-104.
  • Cole, M. (1990). Alexandr Romanovich Luria: cultural psychologist. In E. Goldberg (Ed.), Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria (pp. 11–28). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Creasey, G. L. (2005). ResearchMethods in Lifespan Development. USA: Pearson.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: HarpersCollins.
  • Deary, I. J., Corley, J., Gow, A. J., Harris, S. E., Houlihan, L. M., Marioni, R. E., ... & Starr, J. M. (2009). Age-associated cognitive decline. British medical bulletin, 92(1), 135-152.
  • Dionigi, R. A. (2015). Stereotypes of aging: their effects on the health of older adults. Journal of Geriatrics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/954027
  • Ersanlı, K. ve Kalkan, M. (2008). Psikolojik, sosyal ve bedensel açıdan yaşlılık. Pagem Akademi. Ankara.
  • Folstein, M., Anthony, J. C., Parhad, I., Duffy, B., & Gruenberg, E. M. (1985). The meaning of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 33(4), 228-235.
  • Gottfredson, L. S. (1996). What do we know about intelligence?. The American Scholar, 65(1), 15-30.
  • Habekost, T.,Vogel, A., Rostrup, E., Bundesen, C., Kyllingsbaek, S., Garde, E., Ryberg, C. ve Waldemar, G. (2013). Visual processingspeed in old age. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54, 89–94.
  • Heuninckx, S., Wenderoth, N., & Swinnen, S. P. (2008). Systems neuroplasticity in the aging brain: recruiting additional neural resources for successful motor performance in elderly persons. Journal of neuroscience, 28(1), 91-99.
  • Ivnik, R. J., Malec, J. F., Smith, G. E., Tangalos, E. G., Petersen, R. C., Kokmen, E., & Kurland, L. T. (1992). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WAIS-R norms for ages 56 to 97. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6(S1), 1-30.
  • Karakaş, S. (2012). Yaşlanmanın Anatomisi. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician, 3, 23-29.
  • Kaufman, A. S., & Lichtenberger, E. O. (2005). Assessing adolescent and adult intelligence. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Kaufman, A. S., Raiford, S. E., & Coalson, D. L. (2015). Intelligent testing with the WISC-V. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Keskin, A. O., Uncu, G., Tanburoğlu, A., & Adapınar, D. Ö. (2016). Yaşlanma ve yaşlılıkla ilgili nörolojik hastalıklar. Osmangazi Journal of Medicine, 38.
  • Levy, R. (1994). Aging-associated cognitive decline. International Psychogeriatrics, 6(1), 63-68.
  • Lindenberger, U., Mayr, U., & Kliegl, R. (1993). Speed and intelligence in old age. Psychology and Aging, 8(2), 207-220.
  • Midkiff, K. (2004). Use it or lose it? What predicts age-related declines in cognitive performance in elderly adults?. McNair Scholars Journal, 8(1), 7.
  • Moody, H. R. ve Sasser, J. R. (2012). Aging: Concepts and Controversies. USA: SAGE Publication.
  • Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Solomon, A., Levälahti, E., Ahtiluoto, S., Antikainen, R., ... & Lindström, J. (2015). A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 385(9984), 2255-2263.
  • Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2012). Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments. American Psychologist, 67(2), 130-159.
  • Onur, B. (2014). Gelişim Psikolojisi: Yetişkinlik-yaşlılık-ölüm. Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
  • Ory, M. K. Hoffman, M. Hawkins, B. Sanner, and R. Mockenhaupt (2003) Challenging aging stereotypes: strategies for creating a more active society. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25(2), 164–171.
  • Papp, K. V., Kaplan, F. R., Springate, B., Moscufo, N., Wakefield, D. B., Guttmann, C. R. G. ve Wolfson, L. (2014). Processing speed in normal aging: Effects of white matter hyperintensities and hippocampal volume loss. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition: A Journal on Normal and Dysfunctional Development, 21. 197-213.
  • Park, D. C., Gutchess, A. H., Meade, M. L., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. (2007). Improving cognitive function in older adults: Nontraditional approaches. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(Special_Issue_1), 45-52.
  • Perry, B. D., & Pollard, R. (1997, November). Altered brain development following global neglect in early childhood. In Proceedings from the Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting (New Orleans).
  • Reynolds, C.R., & French, C.L. (2005). The brain as a dynamic organ of information processing and learning. In R.C. D’Amato, E. Fletcher-Janzen, & C.R. 28 Elaine Fletcher-Janzen Reynolds (Eds.), The Handbook of School Neuropsychology (pp. 86–119). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2011). Yaşam Boyu Gelişim.(Çev. Ed. Yüksel, G.). İstanbul: Nobel Yayın.
  • Salthouse, T. A. (2006). Mental exercise and mental aging: Evaluating the validity of the “use it or lose it” hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(1), 68-87.
  • Schaie, K. W. (2005). Developmental influences on adult intelligence: The Seattle longitudinal study. Oxford University Press.
  • Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of the psychology of aging. Academic Press.
  • Seidler, R. D., Bernard, J. A., Burutolu, T. B., Fling, B. W., Gordon, M. T., Gwin, J. T., ... & Lipps, D. B. (2010). Motor control and aging: links to age-related brain structural, functional, and biochemical effects. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(5), 721-733.
  • Starr, J. M., Deary, I. J., Inch, S., Cross, S., & Maclennan, W. J. (1997). Age-associated cognitive decline in healthy old people. Age and ageing, 26(4), 295-300.
  • Sternberg, R. J. (2000). Handbook of intelligence. New York: Cambridge University.
  • Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Culture and intelligence. American psychologist, 59(5), 325.
  • Sternberg, R. J., ve Kaufman, S. B. (2011). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press.
  • Whitbourne, S. K., ve Whitbourne, S. B. (2010). Adult development and aging: Biopsychosocial perspectives. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Vernooij, M. W., Ikram, M. A., Vrooman, H. A., Wielopolski, P. A., Krestin, G. P., Hofman, A., ... & Breteler, M. M. (2009). White matter microstructural integrity and cognitive function in a general elderly population. Archives of general psychiatry, 66(5), 545-553.
  • Yıldırım, F., ve Abukan, B. (2015). Yaşlılıkta Bilgelik Konusunda Bir Derleme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 18, 1-9.
  • Yonus, A. (2007). Kaufman kısa zeka testi (kaufman brief ıntelligence test – k-bıt) 15 -16 yaş çocukları üzerinde geçerlik, güvenirlik ve ön norm çalışmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Özel Eğitim Anabilim Dalı Üstün Zekalılar Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
  • Zelinski, E. M., & Burnight, K. P. (1997). Sixteen-year longitudinal and time lag changes in memory and cognition in older adults. Psychology and aging, 12(3), 503.

YAŞLILIKTA ZEKA ÖLÇÜMÜNE ELEŞTİREL BİR BAKIŞ

Year 2020, Volume: 44 Issue: 1, 165 - 174, 19.06.2020

Bahtım Kütük

Abstract

Yaşlılık sürecinde en
genel tanımıyla biyopsikososyal olarak tanımlanan insanoğlunda önemli
değişimler meydana gelmektedir. Biyopsikososyal değişimle paralel olarak
yaşlılık döneminde önemli bir değişime uğradığı öne sürülen konulardan biri
zeka konusudur. Fakat “Zeka nedir?” sorusuna halen yanıt aranmaktadır ve bilim
insanları tarafından bu kavramın tanımı hakkında bir konsensüs bulunmamaktadır.
Kullanılan zeka testlerinin aslında neyi ölçtüğüne dair tartışmalar da davam
etmektedir. Genel anlamda zeka kavramının yanı sıra bu kavram yaşlılıkla
birlikte kullanıldığında durum daha da karmaşık bir hal almaktadır. Bununla
birlikte, yaşlılara karşı olan olumsuz stereotipilerin de yaşlılıktaki zeka
konusuna olumsuz etkileri olduğu söylenebilir. Bu yazıda odaklanılan nokta ise
sayısal açıdan yaşlılardan elde edilen zeka puanlarının var olan testlerle ve
yöntemlerle ne kadar objektif bir şekilde ölçülüp ölçülmediği ve elde edilen
puanlara ne kadar güvenilir olduğudur. Elde edilen veriler ne kadar sayısal
veriler olsa da bu verilerin bağlamdan bağımsız olarak değerlendirilmemesi
gerektiği unutulmamalıdır.

Keywords

Yaşlılık zeka yaşlılıkta zeka ölçümü

References

  • Almond, N. M. (2014). The Use-It-Or-Lose-It Theory; The Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis and the Use-Dependency Theory: Methodological Issues, Previous Research, Current Research and Future Perspectives. K, Edison.(Ed). Episodic Memory: Formation, Clinical Disorders and Role of Aging. Nova Science Publishers, Inc: New York.
  • Bavelier, D., Levi, D. M., Li, R. W., Dan, Y., ve Hensch, T. K. (2010). Removing brakes on adult brain plasticity: from molecular to behavioral interventions. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(45), 14964-14971.
  • Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., ... & Unverzagt, F. W. (2002). Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 288(18), 2271-2281.
  • Cangöz, B. (2009).Yaşlılıkta bilişsel ve psikolojik değişim. Geriatrik Bilimler Uygulam ve Araştırma Merkezi Bülteni. 99-104.
  • Cole, M. (1990). Alexandr Romanovich Luria: cultural psychologist. In E. Goldberg (Ed.), Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria (pp. 11–28). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Creasey, G. L. (2005). ResearchMethods in Lifespan Development. USA: Pearson.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: HarpersCollins.
  • Deary, I. J., Corley, J., Gow, A. J., Harris, S. E., Houlihan, L. M., Marioni, R. E., ... & Starr, J. M. (2009). Age-associated cognitive decline. British medical bulletin, 92(1), 135-152.
  • Dionigi, R. A. (2015). Stereotypes of aging: their effects on the health of older adults. Journal of Geriatrics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/954027
  • Ersanlı, K. ve Kalkan, M. (2008). Psikolojik, sosyal ve bedensel açıdan yaşlılık. Pagem Akademi. Ankara.
  • Folstein, M., Anthony, J. C., Parhad, I., Duffy, B., & Gruenberg, E. M. (1985). The meaning of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 33(4), 228-235.
  • Gottfredson, L. S. (1996). What do we know about intelligence?. The American Scholar, 65(1), 15-30.
  • Habekost, T.,Vogel, A., Rostrup, E., Bundesen, C., Kyllingsbaek, S., Garde, E., Ryberg, C. ve Waldemar, G. (2013). Visual processingspeed in old age. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54, 89–94.
  • Heuninckx, S., Wenderoth, N., & Swinnen, S. P. (2008). Systems neuroplasticity in the aging brain: recruiting additional neural resources for successful motor performance in elderly persons. Journal of neuroscience, 28(1), 91-99.
  • Ivnik, R. J., Malec, J. F., Smith, G. E., Tangalos, E. G., Petersen, R. C., Kokmen, E., & Kurland, L. T. (1992). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WAIS-R norms for ages 56 to 97. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6(S1), 1-30.
  • Karakaş, S. (2012). Yaşlanmanın Anatomisi. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician, 3, 23-29.
  • Kaufman, A. S., & Lichtenberger, E. O. (2005). Assessing adolescent and adult intelligence. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Kaufman, A. S., Raiford, S. E., & Coalson, D. L. (2015). Intelligent testing with the WISC-V. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Keskin, A. O., Uncu, G., Tanburoğlu, A., & Adapınar, D. Ö. (2016). Yaşlanma ve yaşlılıkla ilgili nörolojik hastalıklar. Osmangazi Journal of Medicine, 38.
  • Levy, R. (1994). Aging-associated cognitive decline. International Psychogeriatrics, 6(1), 63-68.
  • Lindenberger, U., Mayr, U., & Kliegl, R. (1993). Speed and intelligence in old age. Psychology and Aging, 8(2), 207-220.
  • Midkiff, K. (2004). Use it or lose it? What predicts age-related declines in cognitive performance in elderly adults?. McNair Scholars Journal, 8(1), 7.
  • Moody, H. R. ve Sasser, J. R. (2012). Aging: Concepts and Controversies. USA: SAGE Publication.
  • Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Solomon, A., Levälahti, E., Ahtiluoto, S., Antikainen, R., ... & Lindström, J. (2015). A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 385(9984), 2255-2263.
  • Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2012). Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments. American Psychologist, 67(2), 130-159.
  • Onur, B. (2014). Gelişim Psikolojisi: Yetişkinlik-yaşlılık-ölüm. Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
  • Ory, M. K. Hoffman, M. Hawkins, B. Sanner, and R. Mockenhaupt (2003) Challenging aging stereotypes: strategies for creating a more active society. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25(2), 164–171.
  • Papp, K. V., Kaplan, F. R., Springate, B., Moscufo, N., Wakefield, D. B., Guttmann, C. R. G. ve Wolfson, L. (2014). Processing speed in normal aging: Effects of white matter hyperintensities and hippocampal volume loss. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition: A Journal on Normal and Dysfunctional Development, 21. 197-213.
  • Park, D. C., Gutchess, A. H., Meade, M. L., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. (2007). Improving cognitive function in older adults: Nontraditional approaches. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(Special_Issue_1), 45-52.
  • Perry, B. D., & Pollard, R. (1997, November). Altered brain development following global neglect in early childhood. In Proceedings from the Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting (New Orleans).
  • Reynolds, C.R., & French, C.L. (2005). The brain as a dynamic organ of information processing and learning. In R.C. D’Amato, E. Fletcher-Janzen, & C.R. 28 Elaine Fletcher-Janzen Reynolds (Eds.), The Handbook of School Neuropsychology (pp. 86–119). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Santrock, J. W. (2011). Yaşam Boyu Gelişim.(Çev. Ed. Yüksel, G.). İstanbul: Nobel Yayın.
  • Salthouse, T. A. (2006). Mental exercise and mental aging: Evaluating the validity of the “use it or lose it” hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(1), 68-87.
  • Schaie, K. W. (2005). Developmental influences on adult intelligence: The Seattle longitudinal study. Oxford University Press.
  • Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of the psychology of aging. Academic Press.
  • Seidler, R. D., Bernard, J. A., Burutolu, T. B., Fling, B. W., Gordon, M. T., Gwin, J. T., ... & Lipps, D. B. (2010). Motor control and aging: links to age-related brain structural, functional, and biochemical effects. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(5), 721-733.
  • Starr, J. M., Deary, I. J., Inch, S., Cross, S., & Maclennan, W. J. (1997). Age-associated cognitive decline in healthy old people. Age and ageing, 26(4), 295-300.
  • Sternberg, R. J. (2000). Handbook of intelligence. New York: Cambridge University.
  • Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Culture and intelligence. American psychologist, 59(5), 325.
  • Sternberg, R. J., ve Kaufman, S. B. (2011). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press.
  • Whitbourne, S. K., ve Whitbourne, S. B. (2010). Adult development and aging: Biopsychosocial perspectives. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Vernooij, M. W., Ikram, M. A., Vrooman, H. A., Wielopolski, P. A., Krestin, G. P., Hofman, A., ... & Breteler, M. M. (2009). White matter microstructural integrity and cognitive function in a general elderly population. Archives of general psychiatry, 66(5), 545-553.
  • Yıldırım, F., ve Abukan, B. (2015). Yaşlılıkta Bilgelik Konusunda Bir Derleme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 18, 1-9.
  • Yonus, A. (2007). Kaufman kısa zeka testi (kaufman brief ıntelligence test – k-bıt) 15 -16 yaş çocukları üzerinde geçerlik, güvenirlik ve ön norm çalışmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Özel Eğitim Anabilim Dalı Üstün Zekalılar Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
  • Zelinski, E. M., & Burnight, K. P. (1997). Sixteen-year longitudinal and time lag changes in memory and cognition in older adults. Psychology and aging, 12(3), 503.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bahtım Kütük 0000-0001-7190-6190

Publication Date June 19, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020Volume: 44 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kütük, B. (2020). YAŞLILIKTA ZEKA ÖLÇÜMÜNE ELEŞTİREL BİR BAKIŞ. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 44(1), 165-174.
 Download Cover Image

.