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RİSK TOPLUMUNDA SPOR VE TERÖR

Year 2021, Volume: 45 Issue: 1, 67 - 90, 29.06.2021

Ayhan Dever

Abstract

Risk toplumu, riskin daha belirsiz bir hale geldiği ve yapay risklere bağlı olarak insan hayatının daha fazla oranda tehlikelere maruz kaldığı bir yapıya sahiptir. Risk toplumu içerisinde bireyler, daha huzursuz ve güvensiz bir yapıya sahiptir. Çünkü risk toplumu içerisinde üretilen yapay riskler, daha evrenseldir. Spor ve terörizm kavramları birbirinin zıttı gibi dursa da Risk toplumu içerisinde özellikle büyük spor organizasyonlarında terör olaylarının varlığı bilinmektedir. 1972 Münih, 1988 Seul, 1996 Atlanta ve 2014 Soçi Olimpiyatlarında terör saldırılarına bağlı olarak onlarca insan ölmüş, 1992 Barselona, 2004 Atina olimpiyatlarında terör eylemleri gerçekleşmişse de ölen veya yaralanan olmamış, 2000 Sidney, 2016 Rio De Janeiro Olimpiyatlarında terör örgütleri üyeleri, eylemlerini gerçekleştiremeden güvenlik güçlerince yakalanmışlardır. Bu örnekler Risk toplumu içerisinde sporun içerisinde yer alan terör riskinin, önemli bir sorun olduğunu ve masum insanların terör örgütleri tarafından hedef alındığını göstermektedir. Terör örgütlerinin, büyük spor organizasyonlarını hedef almalarının nedeni, oyunlara seyirci olarak katılan insanların daha savunmasız olmaları ve oyunların kitle iletişim araçlarında gösterilme süresinin fazlalığına bağlı olarak korku unsurunun dünya genelinin büyük bir kısmına yayılması düşüncesidir.

Keywords

Risk Toplumu Terör Spor Olimpiyat Oyunları

References

  • Arscott, D. (2011). The Olympics A Very Peculiar History With Added Medals. England: Book House.
  • Atkinson, M. ve Young, K. (2005). Political Violence, Terrorism, and Security at the Olympic Games. K. Young ve K. B. Wamsley (Ed.) içinde Global Olympics Historical and Sociological Studies of the Modern Games ( s. 269-294 ). England: Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Bal, İ. (2006). Terörizm Terör, Terörizm ve Küresel Terörle Mücadelede Ulusal ve Bölgesel Deneyimler. Ankara: Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Beck, U. (2011). Risk Toplumu: Bir Başka Modernliğe Doğru. (K. Özdoğan ve B. Doğan, Çev.). İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Blackshaw, T. ve Crawford, G. (2009). The Sage Dictionary of Leisure Studies. London: Sage.
  • Bora, A. (2007). Risk, Risk Society, Risk Behavior, and Social Problems. G. Ritzer (Ed.) içinde The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology ( s. 3934-3940 ). London: Blackwell.
  • Boykoff, J. (2016). Power Games a Political History of the Olympics. United Kingdom: Verso.
  • Boyle, P. (2012). Securing the Olympic Games: Exemplifications of Global Governance. S. Wagg ve H. J. Lenskyj (Ed.) içinde The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies ( s. 394 – 409 ). London: Palgrave McMillan.
  • Cirhinlioğlu, Z. (2004). Terör ve Toplum. İstanbul: Gündoğan Yayınları.
  • Dillon, M. (2014). Introduction to Sociological Theory, Theorists, Concepts and Their Applicability to the Twenty-First Century. London: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Furedi, F. (2001). Korku Kültürü. (B. Yıldırım, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Fussey, P., Coaffee, J., Armstrong, G. ve Hobbs, D., (2011). Securing and Sustaining the Olympic City Reconfiguring London for 2012 and Beyond. London: Routledge.
  • Galily, Y., Yarchi, M., Tamir, I. ve Samuel-Azran, T. (2016). Terrorism and Sport. American Behavioral Scientist, 60 (9), 1039 - 1042.
  • Ghosh, S. (2014). Understanding Terrorism in the Context of Global Security. Socrates, 2 (2), 89-106.
  • Giddens, A. (2012). Sosyoloji. (C. Güzel, Haz.). İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
  • González-del-Castillo, J. (2020). Sports As a Purpose of International Terrorism. Diagoras International Academic Journal on Olympic Studies, 4, 102-120.
  • Greene, A. (2017). Defining Terrorism: One Sıze Fits All?. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 66 (2), 1-30.
  • Guttmann, A. (1992). The Olympics a History of The Modern Games. USA: University of Illinois Press.
  • Harmon C. C. (2000). Terrorism Today. London: Routledge.
  • Hassan, D. (2012). Sport and Terrorism: Two of Modern Life’s Most Prevalent Themes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47 (3), 263-267.
  • Hassan, D. (2016). Surveillance by Proxy: Sport and Security in a Modern Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 60 (9), 1-14.
  • Houlihan, B. ve Giulianotti, R. (2012). Politics and The London 2012 Olympics: The (In)Security Games. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 88 (4), 701-717.
  • Korstanje, M. E., Tzanelli, R. ve Clayton, A. (2014). Brazilian World Cup 2014: Terrorism, Tourism, and Social Conflict. Event Management, 18 (4), 487 - 491.
  • Kovačevıć, B. ve Kovačevıć, B. I. (2017). Sociology of Global Risk Society (Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck). Banja Luca: EDC.
  • Männik, E. (2009). Terrorism: Its Past, Present and Future Prospects. KVÜÕA Toimetised, 12, 151-171.
  • Matusitz, J. (2012). Terrorism and Communication: A Critical Introduction, London: Sage Publications.
  • Prabha, K. (2000). Defining Terrorism. Strategic Analysis, 24 (1),125-135.
  • Richards, A. (2012). Terrorism, the Olympics and Sport: Recent Events and Concerns for the Future. Routledge Online Studies on the Olympic and Paralympic Games, 41, 15-41.
  • Selliaas, A. (2005). From Internationalization of Terrorism to the Internationalization of Anti-terrorism the Role of the Summer Olympic Games. Norway: Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt.
  • Sitrep (2016). On Terrorism and Rio 2016 Olympic Games Report. Sørensen, M. P. ve Christiansen, A. (2013). Ulrich Beck an Introduction to the Theory of Second Modernity and The Risk Society. London: Routledge.
  • Spaaij, R. (2016). Terrorism and Security at the Olympics: Empirical Trends and Evolving Research Agendas. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 33 (4), 451-468.
  • Statista (2016). Number of Olympic Games TV Viewers Worldwide from 2002 to 2016. https://www.statista.com/statistics/287966/olympic-games-tv-viewership-worldwide/ (E.T. 13 Ocak 2021).
  • Taylor, T. ve Toohey, K. (2007). Perceptions of Terrorism Threats at the 2004 Olympic Games: Implications for Sport Events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12 (2), 99-114.
  • Toohey, K. (2008) Terrorism, Sport and Public Policy in the Risk Society. Sport in Society, (11) 4, 429-442.
  • Toohey, K. ve Taylor, T. (2006). Here be Dragons, Here Be Savages, Here Be Bad Plumbing: Australian Media Representations of Sport and Terrorism. Sport in Society, 9 (1), 71-93.
  • Toohey, K. ve Taylor, T. (2008). Mega Events, Fear, and Risk: Terrorism at The Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 451-469.
  • Toohey, K. ve Veal, A. J. (2007). The Olympic Games: A Social Science Perspective. England: Cabi Publishing.
  • Townshend, C. (2002). Terrorism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Traulsen, J. M. ve Bissell, P. (2003). The Risk Society. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 11 (4), 251-258. Waddington, D. ve McSeveny, K. (2012). Terrorism and the Risk Society, S. Bennett (Ed.) içinde Innovative Thinking in Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management ( s. 41 - 58 ). UK: Gower Publishing.
  • White, J. R. (2014). Terrorism and Homeland Security. London: Cengage Learning.
  • Yu, Y., Klauser, F., ve Chan, G. (2009). Governing Security at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 26 (3), 390–405.

Year 2021, Volume: 45 Issue: 1, 67 - 90, 29.06.2021

Ayhan Dever

Abstract

References

  • Arscott, D. (2011). The Olympics A Very Peculiar History With Added Medals. England: Book House.
  • Atkinson, M. ve Young, K. (2005). Political Violence, Terrorism, and Security at the Olympic Games. K. Young ve K. B. Wamsley (Ed.) içinde Global Olympics Historical and Sociological Studies of the Modern Games ( s. 269-294 ). England: Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Bal, İ. (2006). Terörizm Terör, Terörizm ve Küresel Terörle Mücadelede Ulusal ve Bölgesel Deneyimler. Ankara: Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Beck, U. (2011). Risk Toplumu: Bir Başka Modernliğe Doğru. (K. Özdoğan ve B. Doğan, Çev.). İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Blackshaw, T. ve Crawford, G. (2009). The Sage Dictionary of Leisure Studies. London: Sage.
  • Bora, A. (2007). Risk, Risk Society, Risk Behavior, and Social Problems. G. Ritzer (Ed.) içinde The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology ( s. 3934-3940 ). London: Blackwell.
  • Boykoff, J. (2016). Power Games a Political History of the Olympics. United Kingdom: Verso.
  • Boyle, P. (2012). Securing the Olympic Games: Exemplifications of Global Governance. S. Wagg ve H. J. Lenskyj (Ed.) içinde The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies ( s. 394 – 409 ). London: Palgrave McMillan.
  • Cirhinlioğlu, Z. (2004). Terör ve Toplum. İstanbul: Gündoğan Yayınları.
  • Dillon, M. (2014). Introduction to Sociological Theory, Theorists, Concepts and Their Applicability to the Twenty-First Century. London: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Furedi, F. (2001). Korku Kültürü. (B. Yıldırım, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Fussey, P., Coaffee, J., Armstrong, G. ve Hobbs, D., (2011). Securing and Sustaining the Olympic City Reconfiguring London for 2012 and Beyond. London: Routledge.
  • Galily, Y., Yarchi, M., Tamir, I. ve Samuel-Azran, T. (2016). Terrorism and Sport. American Behavioral Scientist, 60 (9), 1039 - 1042.
  • Ghosh, S. (2014). Understanding Terrorism in the Context of Global Security. Socrates, 2 (2), 89-106.
  • Giddens, A. (2012). Sosyoloji. (C. Güzel, Haz.). İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
  • González-del-Castillo, J. (2020). Sports As a Purpose of International Terrorism. Diagoras International Academic Journal on Olympic Studies, 4, 102-120.
  • Greene, A. (2017). Defining Terrorism: One Sıze Fits All?. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 66 (2), 1-30.
  • Guttmann, A. (1992). The Olympics a History of The Modern Games. USA: University of Illinois Press.
  • Harmon C. C. (2000). Terrorism Today. London: Routledge.
  • Hassan, D. (2012). Sport and Terrorism: Two of Modern Life’s Most Prevalent Themes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47 (3), 263-267.
  • Hassan, D. (2016). Surveillance by Proxy: Sport and Security in a Modern Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 60 (9), 1-14.
  • Houlihan, B. ve Giulianotti, R. (2012). Politics and The London 2012 Olympics: The (In)Security Games. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 88 (4), 701-717.
  • Korstanje, M. E., Tzanelli, R. ve Clayton, A. (2014). Brazilian World Cup 2014: Terrorism, Tourism, and Social Conflict. Event Management, 18 (4), 487 - 491.
  • Kovačevıć, B. ve Kovačevıć, B. I. (2017). Sociology of Global Risk Society (Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck). Banja Luca: EDC.
  • Männik, E. (2009). Terrorism: Its Past, Present and Future Prospects. KVÜÕA Toimetised, 12, 151-171.
  • Matusitz, J. (2012). Terrorism and Communication: A Critical Introduction, London: Sage Publications.
  • Prabha, K. (2000). Defining Terrorism. Strategic Analysis, 24 (1),125-135.
  • Richards, A. (2012). Terrorism, the Olympics and Sport: Recent Events and Concerns for the Future. Routledge Online Studies on the Olympic and Paralympic Games, 41, 15-41.
  • Selliaas, A. (2005). From Internationalization of Terrorism to the Internationalization of Anti-terrorism the Role of the Summer Olympic Games. Norway: Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt.
  • Sitrep (2016). On Terrorism and Rio 2016 Olympic Games Report. Sørensen, M. P. ve Christiansen, A. (2013). Ulrich Beck an Introduction to the Theory of Second Modernity and The Risk Society. London: Routledge.
  • Spaaij, R. (2016). Terrorism and Security at the Olympics: Empirical Trends and Evolving Research Agendas. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 33 (4), 451-468.
  • Statista (2016). Number of Olympic Games TV Viewers Worldwide from 2002 to 2016. https://www.statista.com/statistics/287966/olympic-games-tv-viewership-worldwide/ (E.T. 13 Ocak 2021).
  • Taylor, T. ve Toohey, K. (2007). Perceptions of Terrorism Threats at the 2004 Olympic Games: Implications for Sport Events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12 (2), 99-114.
  • Toohey, K. (2008) Terrorism, Sport and Public Policy in the Risk Society. Sport in Society, (11) 4, 429-442.
  • Toohey, K. ve Taylor, T. (2006). Here be Dragons, Here Be Savages, Here Be Bad Plumbing: Australian Media Representations of Sport and Terrorism. Sport in Society, 9 (1), 71-93.
  • Toohey, K. ve Taylor, T. (2008). Mega Events, Fear, and Risk: Terrorism at The Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 451-469.
  • Toohey, K. ve Veal, A. J. (2007). The Olympic Games: A Social Science Perspective. England: Cabi Publishing.
  • Townshend, C. (2002). Terrorism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Traulsen, J. M. ve Bissell, P. (2003). The Risk Society. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 11 (4), 251-258. Waddington, D. ve McSeveny, K. (2012). Terrorism and the Risk Society, S. Bennett (Ed.) içinde Innovative Thinking in Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management ( s. 41 - 58 ). UK: Gower Publishing.
  • White, J. R. (2014). Terrorism and Homeland Security. London: Cengage Learning.
  • Yu, Y., Klauser, F., ve Chan, G. (2009). Governing Security at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 26 (3), 390–405.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ayhan Dever 0000-0002-8300-5290

Publication Date June 29, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021Volume: 45 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Dever, A. (2021). RİSK TOPLUMUNDA SPOR VE TERÖR. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 45(1), 67-90.
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