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Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Kimlik Gelişimi: Kimlik Statülerinin Sosyal Sermaye ve Kimlik Sermayesi ile Olan İlişkisi

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2, 1 - 10, 13.01.2011

Gözde Özdikmenli-demir

Öz

Bu araştırmada, beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki üniversite öğrencilerinin kimlik statüleri onların sosyal ve kimlik sermayeleri ile olan ilişkileri çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini Türkiye'nin altı farklı üniversitesinde okuyan toplam 985 (511 kız- 474 erkek) öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcıların yaş ranjı 17.7 ile 27 arasında değişmekte olup yaş ortalaması 21.7'dir. Araştırmada, Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek, Çok Boyutlu Etkin Kişilik, Kendi Kendini Belirleme, Ebeveyne Yönelik Algılar ve Ego Kimlik Statüleri Ölçekleri ile Öğrenme Ortamı Anketi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular bu örneklemdeki üç farklı kimlik statüsünün (başarılı, erken bağlanmış ve kararsız) sosyal sermaye ve kimlik sermayesi bağımlı ölçümleri üzerinde temel etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Başarılı statüdeki gençler hem güven duygusu, arkadaş çevresi ve diğer insanlardan algılanan sosyal destek, ailesel sıcaklık ve destek, öğretim üyelerinden algılanan özerklik desteği gibi sosyal sermaye değişkenleri yönünden, hem de benlik saygısı ve yaşamda amaçlılık gibi kimlik sermayesi değişkenleri açısından en avantajlı grupta yer almışlardır. Erken bağlanmışlar ise kimi sosyal sermaye değişkenleri yönünden başarılı gruptan anlamlı olarak farklılaşmamakla beraber, kimlik sermayesi değişkenleri açısından başarılı statüdeki gruptan daha düşük puanlar elde etmişlerdir. Kararsız statüdeki gençler ise hem sahip oldukları sosyal sermaye hem de kimlik sermayesi kaynakları açısından en dezavantajlı konumdadırlar. Araştırma bulguları, kimlik gelişimi alanındaki bulgular doğrultusunda tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Sözcükler: beliren yetişkinlik, kimlik statüleri, sosyal sermaye, kimlik sermayesi, kimlik gelişimi.

Identity Development of University Students: The relationships Among Identity Status, Social Capital, and Identity Capital

In this research university student emerging adults' identity statuses and its relationships with their social and identity capitals were investigated. The sample of this study consisted of 985 (511 female, 474 male) students from six different Turkish Universities. Their mean age was 21.7 (range = 17.7 to 27 years). Measurements were Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, The Multimeasure Agentic Personality Scale, Self-Determination Scale, Perceptions of Parents Scale, The Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS-2), and The Learning Climate Questionnaire. Results showed that identity status had main effect on social and identity capital dependent variables. The participants in achieved status had highest scores in social capital resources like trust belief, friends', significant others', and family's social support, lecturer's autonomy support, mothers' warmth, involvement, and autonomy support. Besides, they had highest identity capital resources like self-esteem, and purpose in life. Foreclosed status participants were not so disadvantageous in social capital resources but they had lower scores on identity capital resources compared to their peers in achieved status. Moratorium status emerging adults were the most disadvantageous group in attaining social and identity capital resources among those three groups. Finding were discussed in terms of identity development research literature.

Keywords: emerging adulthood, identity status, social capital, identity capital, identity development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Emerging Adulthood Identity Status Social Capital Identity Capital Identity Development

Kaynakça

  • Abu-Rayya, H. M. (2006). Ethnic identity, ego identity, and psychological well-being among mixed-ethnic Arab-European adolescents in Israel. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 669-679.
  • Adams, G. R. (2009). E-mail yoluyla yazışma. Ocak, 2007.
  • Adams, G. R., Berzonsky, M. D., & Keating, L. (2006). Psychosocial resources in first-yearuniversity students: The role of identity processes and social relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 81-91.
  • Adams, G. R, Ryan, B. A., & Keating, L. (2000). Family relationships, academic environments, and psychosocial development during the university experience: a longitudinal investigation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15(1), 99-122.
  • Adams, G. R., Shea, J., & Fitch, S. A. (1979). Towards the development of an objective assessment of ego-identity status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 8, 223-237.
  • Akman, Y. (2007). Identity status of Turkish university students in relation to their evaluation of family problems. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(1), 79-88.
  • Arnett, J. J. (1998). Leaming to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context. Human Development, 41, 295-315.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469- 480.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from adolescence to midlife. Joumal of Adult Development, 8,133-143.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues, 35(2), 235-254.
  • Bennion, L. D., & Adams, G. R. (1986). A revision of the objective measure of ego identity status: An identity instrument for use with late adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 183-198.
  • Berzonsky, M. D. (2004). Identity style, parental authority, and identity commitment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(3), 213-220.
  • Berzonsky, M. D., & Kuk, L. S. (2000). Identity status, identity processing style, and the transition to university. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15, 81–98.
  • Berzonsky, M. D., & Kuk, L. S. (2005). Identity style, psychosocial maturity, and academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 235-247.
  • Black, A. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The effects of instructors’ autonomy support and students’ autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: A self-determination theory perspective. Science Education, 84, 740–756.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241-258). New York: Greenwood.
  • Cakir, S., & Aydin, G. (2005). Parental attitudes and ego identity status of Turkish adolescents. Adolescence, 40(160), 847-859.
  • Clifton, R. A., Perry, R. P., Adams Stubbs, C., & Roberts, L. W. (2004). Faculty environments, psychosocial dispositions, and the academic achievement of college students. Research in Higher Education, 45(8), 801-828.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 95-120.
  • Coleman, J. C. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  • Côté, J. E. (1997). An empirical test of the identity capital model. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 577–597. 10
  • Côté, J. E. (2005). Identıty capital, social capital and the wider benefits of learning: Generating resources facilitative of social cohesion. London Review of Education, 3(3), 221-237.
  • Côté, J. E. (2007). E-mail yoluyla yazışma. Mayıs, 2007.
  • Côté, J. E., & Schwartz, S. (2002). Comparing psychological and sociological approaches to identity: Identity status. identity capital, and the individualization process. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 571– 586.
  • Grotevant, H. D., & Adams, G. R. (1984). Development of an objective measure to asses ego-identity in adolescence: Validation and replication. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 13, 419-438.
  • Duru, E. (2007). Re-examination of the psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support among Turkish university students. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(4), 443-452.
  • Eker, D., Arkar, H., & Yaldız, H. (2001). Çok boyutlu sosyal destek ölçeğinin gözden geçirilmis¸ formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 12(1), 17-25.
  • Eryüksel, G. N. (1987). Ergenlerde kimlik statülerinin incelenmesine ilişkin kesitsel bir çalışma. Yayınlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Field, J. (2006). Sosyal sermaye. Çev. Bilgen, B. ve Şen, B. İstanbul. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Fitzpatrick, K. M., Piko, B. F., Wright, D. R., & LaGory, M. (2005). Depressive symptomatology, exposure to violence, and the role of social capital among African American adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 262-274.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2000). Social capital and civic society, International Monetary Fund Working Paper, WP/00/74, 1-18.
  • Hofer, J., Kartner, J., Chasiotis, A., Busch, H., & Kiessling, F. (2007). Socio-cultural aspects of identity formation: The relationship between commitment and well-being in student samples from Cameroon and Germany. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7(4), 265-288.
  • Jones, R. M., Adams, G. R., Akers, J. F., & White, J. M. (1994). Revised classification criteria for the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOMEIS). Journal of Adolescence, 17, 533–549.
  • Kerpelman, J., & White, L. (2006). Interpersonal identity and social capital: The importance of commitment for low income, rural, African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, 32(2), 219-242.
  • King, P. E., & Furrow, J. L. (2004). Religion as a resource for positive youth development: Religion, social capital, and moral outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 40(5), 703-713.
  • Lapsley, D. K., Rice, K. G., & Fitzgerald, D. P. (1990). Adolescent attachment, identity, and adjustment to college: Implications for the continuity of adaptation hypothesis. Journal of Counselling & Development, 68, 561-565.
  • Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551-558.
  • Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.). Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159-187). New York: Wiley.
  • Meeus, W. (1996). Studies on identity development in adolescence: An overview of research and some new data. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 569-598.
  • Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1–24.
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York, Simon & Schuster.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2007). Self-determination theory. Questionnaires: Perceptions of parents scales (POPS). Temmuz 16, 2007 http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/measures/parent_coll.html
  • Schwartz, S.J., Côté, J.E., & Arnett, J. J. (2005). Identity and agency in emerging individualization process. Youth and Society, 37, 201–229. developmental routes in the
  • Shanahan, M. J. (2000). Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: Variability and mechanisms in life course perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 667-692.
  • Sheldon, K., & Deci, E. (1996). The self-determination scale. Unpublished manuscript. University of Rochester. Roshester. NY.
  • Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R., & Reis, H. T. (1996). What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(12), 1270-1279.
  • Varan, A. (1990). Liseli gençlerin kimlik statülerinin cinsiyet. yaş ve sosyal-çevre açısından incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Waterman, A. S. (2007). Doing well: The relationship of identity status to three conceptions of well-being. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7(4), 289-307.
  • Weinmann, L., & Newcombe, N. (1990). Relational aspect of identity: Late adolescents’ perceptions of their relationships with parents. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 50, 357-369.
  • Williams, G. C., & Deci, E. L. (1996). Internalization of biopsychological values by medical students: A test of self- determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 767-779.
  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52 (1), 30-41.

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Kimlik Gelişimi: Kimlik Statülerinin Sosyal Sermaye ve Kimlik Sermayesi ile Olan İlişkisi

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2, 1 - 10, 13.01.2011

Gözde Özdikmenli-demir

Öz

Bu araştırmada, beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki üniversite öğrencilerinin kimlik statüleri onların sosyal
ve kimlik sermayeleri ile olan ilişkileri çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini Türkiye’nin
altı farklı üniversitesinde okuyan toplam 985 (511 kız- 474 erkek) öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcıların
yaş ranjı 17.7 ile 27 arasında değişmekte olup yaş ortalaması 21.7’dir. Araştırmada, Çok Boyutlu
Algılanan Sosyal Destek, Çok Boyutlu Etkin Kişilik, Kendi Kendini Belirleme, Ebeveyne Yönelik Algılar
ve Ego Kimlik Statüleri Ölçekleri ile Öğrenme Ortamı Anketi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular bu
örneklemdeki üç farklı kimlik statüsünün (başarılı, erken bağlanmış ve kararsız) sosyal sermaye ve kimlik
sermayesi bağımlı ölçümleri üzerinde temel etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Başarılı statüdeki
gençler hem güven duygusu, arkadaş çevresi ve diğer insanlardan algılanan sosyal destek, ailesel sıcaklık
ve destek, öğretim üyelerinden algılanan özerklik desteği gibi sosyal sermaye değişkenleri yönünden,
hem de benlik saygısı ve yaşamda amaçlılık gibi kimlik sermayesi değişkenleri açısından en avantajlı
grupta yer almışlardır. Erken bağlanmışlar ise kimi sosyal sermaye değişkenleri yönünden başarılı
gruptan anlamlı olarak farklılaşmamakla beraber, kimlik sermayesi değişkenleri açısından başarılı
statüdeki gruptan daha düşük puanlar elde etmişlerdir. Kararsız statüdeki gençler ise hem sahip oldukları
sosyal sermaye hem de kimlik sermayesi kaynakları açısından en dezavantajlı konumdadırlar. Araştırma
bulguları, kimlik gelişimi alanındaki bulgular doğrultusunda tartışılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

beliren yetişkinlik kimlik statüleri sosyal sermaye kimlik sermayesi kimlik gelişimi.

Kaynakça

  • Abu-Rayya, H. M. (2006). Ethnic identity, ego identity, and psychological well-being among mixed-ethnic Arab-European adolescents in Israel. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 669-679.
  • Adams, G. R. (2009). E-mail yoluyla yazışma. Ocak, 2007.
  • Adams, G. R., Berzonsky, M. D., & Keating, L. (2006). Psychosocial resources in first-yearuniversity students: The role of identity processes and social relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 81-91.
  • Adams, G. R, Ryan, B. A., & Keating, L. (2000). Family relationships, academic environments, and psychosocial development during the university experience: a longitudinal investigation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15(1), 99-122.
  • Adams, G. R., Shea, J., & Fitch, S. A. (1979). Towards the development of an objective assessment of ego-identity status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 8, 223-237.
  • Akman, Y. (2007). Identity status of Turkish university students in relation to their evaluation of family problems. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(1), 79-88.
  • Arnett, J. J. (1998). Leaming to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context. Human Development, 41, 295-315.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469- 480.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from adolescence to midlife. Joumal of Adult Development, 8,133-143.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues, 35(2), 235-254.
  • Bennion, L. D., & Adams, G. R. (1986). A revision of the objective measure of ego identity status: An identity instrument for use with late adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 183-198.
  • Berzonsky, M. D. (2004). Identity style, parental authority, and identity commitment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(3), 213-220.
  • Berzonsky, M. D., & Kuk, L. S. (2000). Identity status, identity processing style, and the transition to university. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15, 81–98.
  • Berzonsky, M. D., & Kuk, L. S. (2005). Identity style, psychosocial maturity, and academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 235-247.
  • Black, A. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). The effects of instructors’ autonomy support and students’ autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: A self-determination theory perspective. Science Education, 84, 740–756.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241-258). New York: Greenwood.
  • Cakir, S., & Aydin, G. (2005). Parental attitudes and ego identity status of Turkish adolescents. Adolescence, 40(160), 847-859.
  • Clifton, R. A., Perry, R. P., Adams Stubbs, C., & Roberts, L. W. (2004). Faculty environments, psychosocial dispositions, and the academic achievement of college students. Research in Higher Education, 45(8), 801-828.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 95-120.
  • Coleman, J. C. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  • Côté, J. E. (1997). An empirical test of the identity capital model. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 577–597. 10
  • Côté, J. E. (2005). Identıty capital, social capital and the wider benefits of learning: Generating resources facilitative of social cohesion. London Review of Education, 3(3), 221-237.
  • Côté, J. E. (2007). E-mail yoluyla yazışma. Mayıs, 2007.
  • Côté, J. E., & Schwartz, S. (2002). Comparing psychological and sociological approaches to identity: Identity status. identity capital, and the individualization process. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 571– 586.
  • Grotevant, H. D., & Adams, G. R. (1984). Development of an objective measure to asses ego-identity in adolescence: Validation and replication. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 13, 419-438.
  • Duru, E. (2007). Re-examination of the psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support among Turkish university students. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(4), 443-452.
  • Eker, D., Arkar, H., & Yaldız, H. (2001). Çok boyutlu sosyal destek ölçeğinin gözden geçirilmis¸ formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 12(1), 17-25.
  • Eryüksel, G. N. (1987). Ergenlerde kimlik statülerinin incelenmesine ilişkin kesitsel bir çalışma. Yayınlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Field, J. (2006). Sosyal sermaye. Çev. Bilgen, B. ve Şen, B. İstanbul. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Fitzpatrick, K. M., Piko, B. F., Wright, D. R., & LaGory, M. (2005). Depressive symptomatology, exposure to violence, and the role of social capital among African American adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 262-274.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2000). Social capital and civic society, International Monetary Fund Working Paper, WP/00/74, 1-18.
  • Hofer, J., Kartner, J., Chasiotis, A., Busch, H., & Kiessling, F. (2007). Socio-cultural aspects of identity formation: The relationship between commitment and well-being in student samples from Cameroon and Germany. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7(4), 265-288.
  • Jones, R. M., Adams, G. R., Akers, J. F., & White, J. M. (1994). Revised classification criteria for the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOMEIS). Journal of Adolescence, 17, 533–549.
  • Kerpelman, J., & White, L. (2006). Interpersonal identity and social capital: The importance of commitment for low income, rural, African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, 32(2), 219-242.
  • King, P. E., & Furrow, J. L. (2004). Religion as a resource for positive youth development: Religion, social capital, and moral outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 40(5), 703-713.
  • Lapsley, D. K., Rice, K. G., & Fitzgerald, D. P. (1990). Adolescent attachment, identity, and adjustment to college: Implications for the continuity of adaptation hypothesis. Journal of Counselling & Development, 68, 561-565.
  • Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551-558.
  • Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.). Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159-187). New York: Wiley.
  • Meeus, W. (1996). Studies on identity development in adolescence: An overview of research and some new data. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 569-598.
  • Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1–24.
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York, Simon & Schuster.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2007). Self-determination theory. Questionnaires: Perceptions of parents scales (POPS). Temmuz 16, 2007 http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/measures/parent_coll.html
  • Schwartz, S.J., Côté, J.E., & Arnett, J. J. (2005). Identity and agency in emerging individualization process. Youth and Society, 37, 201–229. developmental routes in the
  • Shanahan, M. J. (2000). Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: Variability and mechanisms in life course perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 667-692.
  • Sheldon, K., & Deci, E. (1996). The self-determination scale. Unpublished manuscript. University of Rochester. Roshester. NY.
  • Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R., & Reis, H. T. (1996). What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(12), 1270-1279.
  • Varan, A. (1990). Liseli gençlerin kimlik statülerinin cinsiyet. yaş ve sosyal-çevre açısından incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Waterman, A. S. (2007). Doing well: The relationship of identity status to three conceptions of well-being. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7(4), 289-307.
  • Weinmann, L., & Newcombe, N. (1990). Relational aspect of identity: Late adolescents’ perceptions of their relationships with parents. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 50, 357-369.
  • Williams, G. C., & Deci, E. L. (1996). Internalization of biopsychological values by medical students: A test of self- determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 767-779.
  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52 (1), 30-41.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil tur
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Gözde Özdikmenli-demir

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Ocak 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özdikmenli-demir, G. (2011). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Kimlik Gelişimi: Kimlik Statülerinin Sosyal Sermaye ve Kimlik Sermayesi ile Olan İlişkisi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 34(2), 1-10.
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