Araştırma Makalesi

BRITAIN, RUSSIA AND THE GERMAN MILITARY MISSION TO ISTANBUL 1913-1914

Cilt: 48 Sayı: 2 30 Aralık 2024
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BRITAIN, RUSSIA AND THE GERMAN MILITARY MISSION TO ISTANBUL 1913-1914

Abstract

This study examines Russia's strong reaction to the German Military Mission sent to Istanbul under the leadership of General Liman von Sanders during the winter of 1913-1914 and the impact of this reaction on Anglo-Russian relations. Although the mission was publicly presented as a military initiative aimed at restructuring the Ottoman army, it was perceived by the Entente Powers as a strategic move to enhance Germany’s influence over the Ottoman Empire. Within the context of the balance of power among the Great Powers, demands for the cancellation of the mission initially caused a crisis between the Entente and Central Powers and later escalated into a major conflict within the Entente itself due to resistance from Germany and the Ottoman Empire. While Britain sought to resolve the crisis diplomatically to avoid provoking Germany further, Russia, alarmed by the perception that Istanbul and the Straits had fallen under German influence and interpreting this development as a call to war, adopted a more aggressive stance. Russia advocated for stricter measures, including the occupation of certain strategic locations in Anatolia. This divergence in responses within the Entente bloc led to a significant trust crisis, deepening the internal divisions within the alliance. The mission became one of the most critical crises in European diplomacy during the period between the Balkan Wars and the First World War. This study aims to analyze this process with a particular focus on Britain and Russia. Relying predominantly on a comparative analysis of British, French, and German archival documents, the research evaluates the mission within the framework of the power struggle between the Entente and Central Powers.

Keywords

Kaynakça

  1. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi, BOA
  2. British Documents on the Origins of the War (1898-1914), Vol. X Part I: The Near and Middle East on the Eve of War, G.P Gooch, and Temperley, H. (eds), HMSO, London, 1936.
  3. Die Grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette 1871-1914: Sammlung der Diplomatischen Akten des Auswärtigen Amtes, Ed. Johannes Lepsius, Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Friedrich Thimme, Band 36/2: Die Liquidierung der Balkankriege, 1913-1914 (Zweite Hälfte), Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft fi’ir Politik und Geschichte, Berlin, 1926.
  4. Documents Diplomatiques Français, 1871-1914, Série 3, (1911-1914), Tome IIIX (11 Août -31 Décembre 1913) Ministère des affaires étrangères/Commission de publication des documents relatifs aux origines de la guerre de 1914. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1929-1959.
  5. The Times; The Financial Times; Daily Telegraph; Novoe Vremya; Retch
  6. Bayur, Y.H, (1983).Türk İnkılap Tarihi, Cilt II-4, Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  7. Bradshaw, S. (1930). The Origins of War, Volume I: Before Sarajevo: Underlying Causes of the War, New York, Macmillan Company.
  8. Henig, R. (2002). The Origins of the First World War, Third Edition, London, Routledge

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Türk Coğrafyası Arkeolojisi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Aralık 2024

Gönderilme Tarihi

9 Aralık 2024

Kabul Tarihi

23 Aralık 2024

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2024 Cilt: 48 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Yellice, G. (2024). BRITAIN, RUSSIA AND THE GERMAN MILITARY MISSION TO ISTANBUL 1913-1914. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 48(2), 247-260. https://izlik.org/JA27XY79GA