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Bağlanma Kuramı Açısından Yaşlılık Dönemine Genel Bir Bakış

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1, 1 - 30, 29.03.2012

Murat Yıldız

Öz

Özet: Yaşlılık dönemi, kronolojik, biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyal yönleri olan kaçınılmaz bir süreçtir. İnsan ömrünün uzaması ve bunun doğal sonucu olarak yaşlı nüfusun artması nedeniyle yaşlılık günümüzde daha da önem kazanmıştır. İnsanların kendileri için önemli gördükleri kişilere karşı geliştirdikleri güçlü duygusal bağlar olarak tanımlanan bağlanma, uzun bir süredir araştırmacılar tarafından incelenmektedir. John Bowlby, bağlanma kuramını hayatın bütününü kapsayacak biçimde kavramlaştırmasına rağmen araştırmacılar özellikle yaşlı bireyler arasında bağlanma olgusunu inceleme konusunu biraz göz ardı etmişlerdir. Bağlanma kuramı, yaşamın ilk yıllarında oluşturulan bağlanma örüntülerinin içsel çalışan modeller aracılığıyla yaşamın daha sonraki dönemlerine pek fazla değişime uğramadan aktarıldığını ileri sürer. Bu makalede öncelikle bağlanma kuramına kısaca değinilmiş ve bağlanmanın yaşam döngüsü boyunca ilişkilerin temel bir özelliği olarak kaldığı gösterilmiştir. Daha sonra da, son dönemlerdeki kuramsal katkılarla yaşlı bireyler için yaşlanmaya bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan kronik hastalıklara uyum sağlama, bakım alan ile bakım veren arasındaki ilişkiler, sevilen birinin kaybına karşı gösterilen tepkiler ve iyi-olma hali gibi konuların bağlanmayla ilgili olduğunu destekleyen araştırma bulguları birlikte değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yaşlılık, bağlanma kuramı, yaşlı, yakın ilişkiler, yaşlanmayla ilişkili bağlanma konuları.

 

Abstract: Aging period is a chronological, biological, psychological and social process which cannot be avoided. Due to the expansion of overall life expectancy, elderly population has increased. Thus, elderliness has become social reality for many countries in recent years. Attachments which can be defined as a strong emotional bond with a specific person during life span have been studied by researches for many years. Although John Bowlby conceptualized attachment theory as applicable to the life span, researchers have just started to study the attachment theory specifically among the elderly. Attachment theory proposes that attachment patterns developed in the first stage of life are carried forward throughout the life course via internal working model. In this article, first of all, attachment theory is mentioned shortly and it is illustrated that attachment remains a key feature of relationships through life cycle. Then, recent theoretical contributions and research findings highlighting the persistence of attachment issues such as adaptation to chronic illness and relationships between a caregiver and care-recipient, reactions to the death of loved one and general well being associated with aging are evaluated together.

Key Words: Aging process, attachment theory, older adults, close relationships, attachment issues associated with aging.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yaşlılık bağlanma kuramı yaşlı yakın ilişkiler

Kaynakça

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  • Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7: 147-178.
  • Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A tests of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2): 226-244.
  • Bartholomew, K. & Shaver, P.R. (1998). Methods of assessing adult attachment: Do they converge. J.A. Simpson & W.S. Rholes (Eds.) Attachment Theory and Close Relationships adlı eserin içinde ss. 25-45, New York: Guilford Press.
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  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss. Volume 2: Separation: Anxiety and Anger. London: Hogarth Press.
  • Bowlby, J. (1979). The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. London: Tavistock.
  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss. Volume 3: Sadness and Depression. London: Hogarth Press.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory. London, Routledge.
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Yıl 2012, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1, 1 - 30, 29.03.2012

Murat Yıldız

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44: 709-716.
  • Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C, Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Akbağ, M. & İmamoğlu, S.E. (2010). Cinsiyet ve bağlanma stillerinin utanç, suçluluk ve yalnızlık duygularını yordama gücünün araştırılması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 10(2): 651-682.
  • Antonucci, T.C., Akiyama, H. & Takahashi, K. (2004). Attachment and close relationships across the life span. Attachment & Human Development, 6: 353–370.
  • Arslantaş, H. & Ergin, F. (2011). 50–65 yaş arasındaki bireylerde yalnızlık, depresyon, sosyal destek ve etki eden faktörler. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 14(2):135- 144.
  • Asendorpf, B.J. & Wilpers, S. (2000). Attachment security and available support: Closely linked relationship qualities. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(1): 115-138.
  • Bahar, A., Tutkun, H. & Sertbaş, G. (2005). Huzurevinde yaşayan yaşlıların anksiyete ve depresyon düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 6: 227- 239.
  • Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7: 147-178.
  • Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A tests of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2): 226-244.
  • Bartholomew, K. & Shaver, P.R. (1998). Methods of assessing adult attachment: Do they converge. J.A. Simpson & W.S. Rholes (Eds.) Attachment Theory and Close Relationships adlı eserin içinde ss. 25-45, New York: Guilford Press.
  • Bloom, B.L., Asher, S.J. & White, S.W. (1978). Marital disruption as a stressor: A review and analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 85: 867-894.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. Volume 1: Attachment. London: Hogarth Press.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss. Volume 2: Separation: Anxiety and Anger. London: Hogarth Press.
  • Bowlby, J. (1979). The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. London: Tavistock.
  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss. Volume 3: Sadness and Depression. London: Hogarth Press.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory. London, Routledge.
  • Bradley, J.M. & Cafferty, T.P. (2001). Attachment among older adults: Current issues and directions for future research. Attachment & Human Development, 3(2): 200-221.
  • Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28: 759-775.
  • Browne, C.J. & Shlosberg, E. (2005). Attachment behaviours and parent fixation in people with dementia: The role of cognitive functioning and pre-morbid attachment style. Aging & Mental Health, 9(2): 153-161.
  • Browne, C.J. & Shlosberg, E. (2006). Attachment theory, ageing and dementia: A review of the literature. Aging & Mental Health, 10(2): 134-142.
  • Buist, K.L., Dekovic, M., Meeus, W. & Van Aken, M.A.G. (2002). Developmental patterns in adolescent attachment to mother, father and sibling. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31: 167-176.
  • Cicirelli, V.G. (2004). God as the ultimate attachment figure for older adults. Attachment & Human Development, 6(4): 371-388.
  • Collins, N.L. & Read, S.J.(1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58: 644–663.
  • Consedine, N.S. & Magai, C. (2003). Attachment and emotion experience in later life: The view from emotions theory. Attachment & Human Development, 5(2): 165–187.
  • Cooper, M.L., Shaver, P.R. & Collins, N.L. (1998). Attachment styles, emotion regulation and adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5): 1380-1397.
  • Cutcliffe, J. (2002). Understanding and working with bereavement. Mental Health Practice, 6(2): 30-37.
  • Çalışır, M. (2009). Yetişkin bağlanma kuramı ve duygulanım düzenleme stratejilerinin depresyonla ilişkisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1: 240-255.
  • Çapan, B.E. (2009). Öğretmen adaylarının kişilerarası ilişkileri ve bağlanma stilleri arasındaki ilişki. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2): 127-142.
  • Deniz, M.E. (2006). Ergenlerde bağlanma stilleri ile çocukluk istismarları ve suçluluk- utanç arasındaki ilişki. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 22: 89-99.
  • Freud, S. (1993). Yas ve melankoli. (Çevirenler: R. Uslu ve O.E. Berksun). Kriz Dergisi, 1 (2): 98-103. (Orijinal çalışma 1917’de yayınlanmıştır).
  • Gabriel, Z. & Bowling, A. (2004). Quality of life from the perspectives of older people. Ageing and Society, 24: 675-691.
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  • Kaya, B. (1999). Yaşlılık ve depresyon-(l) Tanı ve değerlendirme. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 2(2): 72-82.
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  • Khorshid, L., Eşer, İ., Zaybak, A., Yapucu, Ü., Arslan, G.G. & Çınar, Ş. (2004). Huzurevinde kalan yaşlıların yalnızlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 7(1): 45-50.
  • Kılavuz, M.A. (2005). Batı kültüründe yaşlanma dönemi yalnızlık duygusunu azaltma ve arkadaş ilişkilerini geliştirme açısından dini etkinliklerin önemi. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2): 25-39.
  • Kirkpatrick, L.A. (1992). An attachment-theory approach to the psychology of religion. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2: 3-28.
  • Kirkpatrick, L.A. (1999). Attachment and religious representations and behavior. J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications adlı eserin içinde, ss. 803-822, New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Kirkpatrick, L.A. & Shaver, P.R. (1992). An attachment-theoretical approach to romantic love and religious belief. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18: 266-275.
  • Kobak, R.R. & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59: 135-146.
  • Lawton, M.P., Winter, L., Kleban, M.H. & Ruckdeschel, K. (1999). Affect and quality of life: Objective and subjective. Journal of Aging and Health, 11: 169-198.
  • Lee, E.J. (2003). The Attachment System Throughout the Life Course: Review and Criticisms of Attachment Theory. Rochester, NY: Rochester Institute of Technology. 29/01/2012) (Erişim:
  • Levin, J.S. (1997). Religious research in gerontology 1980–1994: A systematic review. Journal of Religious Gerontology, 10: 3-31.
  • Levitt, M., Clark, C., Rotton, J. & Finley, G. (1987). Social support, perceived control, and well-being: A study of an environmentally stressed population. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 25: 247–258.
  • Main, M. & Goldwyn, R. (1982). Adult Attachment Scoring and Classification System. Yayınlanmamış doküman, Berkeley: University of California, Department of Psychology.
  • Main, M., Kaplan, N. & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2, Serial No. 209): 66-104.
  • Main, M. & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disoganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. M.T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti & E.M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the Preschool Years adlı eserin içinde ss. 121-160, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Malkinson, R. (2009). Bilişsel Yas Terapisi. (Çev.: S.K. Akbaş), Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Masterson, J.M. (2008). Bağlanma kuramı, nesne ilişkileri kuramı ve nörobiyolojik kendilik gelişimini bütünleştirme. J.F. Masterson (Ed.) Bağlanma Kuramı ve Nörobiyolojik Kendilik Gelişimi Açısından Kişilik Bozuklukları (Çev.: H. Şentürk) adlı eserin içinde ss.14-38, İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
  • McFadden, S.H. & Levin, J.S. (1996). Religion, emotions, and health. C. Magai & S.H. McFadden (Eds), Handbook of Emotion, Adult Development, and Aging adlı eserin içinde, ss. 349-365, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Merz, E.M. & Consedine, N.S. (2009). The association of family support and wellbeing in later life depends on adult attachment style. Attachment & Human Development, 11(2): 203–221.
  • Miesen, B.M.L. (1992). Attachment theory and dementia. G. Jones & B. Miesen (Eds.) Caregiving in Dementia (Vol. 1) adlı eserin içinde, ss. 38–56, London: Routledge.
  • Miesen, B.M.L. (1993). Alzheimer’s disease, the phenomenon of parent fixation and Bowlby’s attachment theory. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8: 147–153.
  • Morsünbül, Ü. & Çok, F. (2011). Bağlanma ve ilişkili değişkenler. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 3(3): 553-570.
  • Netuveli, G. & Blane, D. (2008). Quality of life in older ages. British Medical Bulletin, 85: 113-126.
  • Onat, Ü. (2002). Sosyal politikalar açısından yaşlılık. Y. Gökçe-Kutsal (Ed.) Geriatri 2002 Sempozyum Bildirileri içinde ss. 266-277, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi GEBAM Yayını.
  • Özeke, T. (1999). Çocuk hekimi gözüyle yaşlılık. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 2(2): 90-91.
  • Özer, M. & Karabulut, Ö.Ö. (2003). Yaşlılarda yaşam doyumu. Geriatri, 6(2): 72-74.
  • Page, R.M. & Cole, G.E. (1991). Demographic predictors of self-reported loneliness in adults. Psychological Reports, 68: 939-45.
  • Park, D. & Vandenberg, B.(1994). The influence of separation orientation on life satisfaction in the elderly. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 39: 177-187.
  • Parkes, C.M.(1975). Determinants of outcomes following bereavement. Omega, 6: 303- 323.
  • Parkes, C.M.(1985). Bereavement. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146: 11-17.
  • Parkes, C.M. (2002). Grief: Lessons from the past, visions for the future. Death Studies, 26: 367-385.
  • Parkes, C.M. & Weiss, R.S. (1983). Recovery From Bereavement. New York: Basic Books.
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  • Shaver, P.R. & Brennan, A.K. (1992). Attachment styles and the big five personality traits: Their connections with each other and with romantic relationship outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(5): 536-545.
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  • Tüzün, O. & Sayar, K. (2006). Bağlanma kuramı ve psikopatoloji. Düşünen Adam, 19(1): 24-39.
  • Vara, Ş. (1999). Yoğun Bakım Hemşirelerinde İş Doyumu ve Genel Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Webster, J.D. (1997). Attachment style and well-being in elderly adults: A preliminary investigation. Canadian Journal on Aging, 16: 101–111.
  • Weiss. R.S. (1982). Attachment in adults. C.M. Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hiade (Eds.), The Place of Attachment in Human Behavior adlı eserin içinde ss. 171-184, New York: Basic.
  • Weiss. R.S. (1989). Reflections on the present state of loneliness research. M. Hojat & R. Crandall (Eds.), Loneliness: Theory, Research and Applications adlı eserin içinde, ss. 51-56, Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
  • Worden, J.W. (2001). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner, (3 rd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, Inc. WHO Statistics (2011). WHO Statistical Information System, www.who.int/whosis/en (erişim: 05.01.2012).
  • Wright, L.K., Hickey, J.V., Buckwalter, K.C. & Clipp, E.C. (1995). Human development in the context of aging and chronic illness: The role of attachment in Alzheimer’s disease and stroke. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 41: 133–150.
Toplam 98 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Murat Yıldız

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, M. (2012). Bağlanma Kuramı Açısından Yaşlılık Dönemine Genel Bir Bakış. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 36(1), 1-30.

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